National (MUTCD / NHTSA) driver handbook

Cited passages

Each mark is the excerpt a practice question jumps to. Open the official link for the full page.

1. Try the high beam/low beam switch. This may restore normal function.

2. Parallel parking is when you park in line with the road and other parked vehicles.

3. Turn your front wheels into the curb or right toward the side of the road.

4. Turn your front wheels away from the curb (left-towards the center of the road)

5. B01 Hit and run—failure to stop and render aid after accident

6. B25 Driving while license revoked B26 Driving while license suspended

7. D35 Failure to comply with financial responsibility law

8. B51 Expired or no driver license (includes DL, CDL, and Instruction Permit)

9. Large trucks and buses need the length of up to two football fields to safely stop.

10. travel. Roadway—that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term roadway as used in this Manual shall refer to

11. or adjacent to the roadway. Occupancy Requirement—any restriction that regulates the use of a facility or one or more lanes of a facility for any period of the day based on a specified number of persons in a vehicle. Occupant—a person driving or riding in a car, truck, bus, or other vehicle. Open-Road ETC Lane—a non-attended lane that is designed to allow toll payments

12. two or more persons, including carpools, vanpools, and buses. Highway—a general term for denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way. Highway-Light Rail Transit Grade Crossing—the general area where a highway and a light

13. utility locations. Signs posting local non-traffic ordinances. Signs giving civic organization meeting information. Standard: 07 Signs and other devices that do not have any traffic control purpose that are placed within the highway right-of-way shall not be located where they will interfere

14. travel, with the private owner or private official having jurisdiction. 23 CFR 655.603 adopts the MUTCD as the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, bikeway, or private road open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ). When a State or other Federal agency manual or supplement is required, that manual or supplement shall be in substantial

15. open to public travel. 04 The "Uniform Vehicle Code" (see Section 1A.11 ) has the following provision in Section 15-104 for the adoption of a uniform manual: "The [State Highway Agency] shall adopt a manual and specification for a uniform system of traffic control devices consistent with the provisions of this code for use upon highways within this State. Such uniform system shall correlate

16. specific speed terms are contained in Section 1A.13 . Guidance: 05 The actions required of road users to obey regulatory devices should be specified by State statute, or in cases not covered by State statute, by local ordinance or resolution. Such statutes, ordinances, and resolutions should be consistent with the "Uniform Vehicle Code" (see Section 1A.11 ). 06 The proper use of traffic control

17. 2006 Edition (ITE) "Purchase Specification for Flashing and Steady Burn Warning Lights," 1981 Edition (ITE) "Traffic Control Devices Handbook," 2001 Edition (ITE) "Traffic Detector Handbook," 1991 Edition (ITE) "Traffic Engineering Handbook," 2009 Edition (ITE) "Traffic Signal Lamps," 1980 Edition (ITE) "Vehicle Traffic Control Signal Heads," Part 1—1985 Edition;

18. such use. 21 A local jurisdiction, toll facility operator, or owner of a private road open to public travel that is requesting permission to experiment or permission to use a device or application under an interim approval should first check for any State laws and/or directives covering the application of the MUTCD provisions that might exist in their State. Option: 22 A device or

19. by the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Military Command, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property used by the public any sign, signal,

20. the official having jurisdiction, or, in the case of private roads open to public travel, with the private owner or private official having jurisdiction. 23 CFR 655.603 adopts the MUTCD as the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, bikeway, or private road open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ). When a State or other Federal

21. having jurisdiction, or, in the case of private roads open to public travel, with the private owner or private official having jurisdiction. 23 CFR 655.603 adopts the MUTCD as the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, bikeway, or private road open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ). When a State or other Federal agency manual

22. listed in Paragraph 18 . Guidance: 20 A local jurisdiction, toll facility operator, or owner of a private road open to public travel using a traffic control device or application under an interim approval that was granted by FHWA either directly or on a statewide basis based on the State's request should inform the State of the locations of such use. 21 A local

23. Such statutes, ordinances, and resolutions should be consistent with the "Uniform Vehicle Code" (see Section 1A.11 ). 06 The proper use of traffic control devices should provide the reasonable and prudent road user with the information necessary to efficiently and lawfully use the streets, highways, pedestrian facilities, and bikeways.

24. 16 Interim approval allows for optional use of a traffic control device or application and does not create a new mandate or recommendation for use. Interim approval includes conditions that jurisdictions agree to comply with in order to use the traffic control device or application until an official rulemaking action has occurred.

25. to comply with in order to use the traffic control device or application until an official rulemaking action has occurred. Standard: 17 A jurisdiction, toll facility operator, or owner of a private road open to public travel that desires to use a traffic control device for which FHWA has issued an interim approval shall request permission from FHWA. Guidance: 18 The request for permission

26. Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property used by the public any sign, signal, marking, or other device intended to regulate, warn, or guide traffic unless it conforms

27. The National MUTCD has also been adopted by the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Military Command, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property

28. management Fluorescent Yellow-Green—pedestrian warning, bicycle warning, playground warning, school bus and school warning Green—indicated movements permitted, direction guidance Light Blue—unassigned Orange—temporary traffic control Purple—lanes restricted to use only by vehicles with registered electronic toll collection (ETC) accounts Red—stop or prohibition White—regulation Yellow—warning

29. a roadway or highway shall not constitute an intersection, unless the roadway or highway at said junction is controlled by a traffic control device. If a highway includes two roadways that are 30 feet or more apart (see definition of Median), then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be a separate intersection. If both intersecting highways

30. Roadway—that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term roadway as used in this Manual shall refer to any

31. Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property used by the public any sign, signal, marking, or other device intended to regulate, warn, or guide traffic unless it conforms with the State manual and specifications adopted

32. of Transportation Operations has the right to terminate the interim approval at any time if there is an indication of safety concerns. Option: 19 A State may submit a request for the use of a device under interim approval for all jurisdictions in that State, as long as the request contains the information listed in Paragraph 18 . Guidance: 20 A local jurisdiction, toll

33. adopted under Section 15-104." Section 1A.08 Authority for Placement of Traffic Control Devices Standard: 01 Traffic control devices, advertisements, announcements, and other signs or messages within the highway right-of-way shall be placed only as authorized by a public authority or the official

34. clearance distance. Quiet Zone—a segment of a rail line, with one or a number of consecutive public highway-rail grade crossings at which locomotive horns are not routinely sounded per 49 CFR Part 222. Rail Traffic—every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be transported on rails or tracks and to which all other traffic must yield the right-of-way by law

35. of Median), then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be a separate intersection. If both intersecting highways include two roadways that are 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of any two roadways of such highways shall be a separate intersection. At a location controlled by a traffic control signal, regardless of the distance between

36. 11 ) has the following provision in Section 15-104 for the adoption of a uniform manual: "The [State Highway Agency] shall adopt a manual and specification for a uniform system of traffic control devices consistent with the provisions of this code for use upon highways within this State.

37. are not considered to be traffic control devices and provisions regarding their design and use are generally not included in this Manual. 06 Certain types of signs and other devices that do not have any traffic control purpose are sometimes placed within the highway right-of-way by or with the permission of the public agency or the official having jurisdiction over the street or highway.

38. vehicle is clear of the minimum track clearance distance. Quiet Zone—a segment of a rail line, with one or a number of consecutive public highway-rail grade crossings at which locomotive horns are not routinely sounded per 49 CFR Part 222. Rail Traffic—every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be transported on rails or tracks and to which all other

39. more apart (see definition of Median), then every crossing of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be a separate intersection. If both intersecting highways include two roadways that are 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing of any two roadways of such highways shall be a separate intersection. At a location controlled by a traffic control signal, regardless

40. burning electric lamps. HOV Lane—any preferential lane designated for exclusive use by high-occupancy vehicles for all or part of a day—including a designated lane on a freeway, other highway, street, or independent roadway on a separate right-of-way. Hybrid Beacon—a special type of

41. impact on traffic operations and safety, they are not considered to be traffic control devices and provisions regarding their design and use are generally not included in this Manual. 06 Certain types of signs and other devices that do not have any traffic control purpose are sometimes placed within the highway right-of-way by or with the permission of the public agency or the official

42. portion of a roadway that has been designated for preferential or exclusive use by bicyclists by pavement markings and, if used, signs. Bikeway—a generic term for any road, street, path, or way that in some manner is specifically designated for bicycle travel, regardless of whether such facilities are designated for the exclusive use of bicycles or are to be shared with other transportation modes.

43. specifically defined for bicycle use. Bicycle Lane—a portion of a roadway that has been designated for preferential or exclusive use by bicyclists by pavement markings and, if used, signs. Bikeway—a generic term for any road, street, path, or way that in some

44. In-Roadway Lights—a special type of highway traffic signal installed in the roadway surface to warn road users that they are approaching a condition on or adjacent to the roadway that might not be readily apparent and might require the road users to slow down and/or come to a stop. Interchange—a system of interconnecting roadways providing for traffic movement between two or more highways that

45. Sign—a sign that shows route designations, destinations, directions, distances, services, points of interest, or other geographical, recreational, or cultural information. High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)—a motor vehicle carrying at least two or more persons, including carpools, vanpools, and buses. Highway—a general term for denoting

46. conditions established in the interim approval, until an official rulemaking action has occurred. Support: 23 A diagram indicating the process for incorporating new traffic control devices into this Manual is shown in Figure 1A-2 . Figure 1A-2 Process for Incorporating New Traffic Control Devices into the MUTCD 24

47. approval is considered based on the results of successful experimentation, results of analytical or laboratory studies, and/or review of non-U.S. experience with a traffic control device or application. Interim approval considerations include an assessment of relative risks, benefits, costs, impacts, and other factors. 16 Interim approval allows for

48. 10 Interpretations, Experimentations, Changes, and Interim Approvals Standard: 01 Design, application, and placement of traffic control devices other than those adopted in this Manual shall be prohibited unless the provisions of this Section are followed.

49. Laws and Ordinances—NCUTLO) "NEMA Standards Publication TS 4-2005 Hardware Standards for Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) With NTCIP Requirements," 2005 Edition (National Electrical Manufacturers Association—NEMA) "Occupational Safety and Health Administration Regulations (Standards – 29 CFR), General Safety and Health Provisions – 1926.20," amended June 30, 1993 (Occupational Safety and

50. other geographical, recreational, or cultural information. High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)—a motor vehicle carrying at least two or more persons, including carpools, vanpools, and buses. Highway—a general term for denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the

51. preemption time during which the minimum track clearance distance is clear of vehicular traffic prior to the arrival of rail traffic. Shared Roadway—a roadway that is officially designated and marked as a bicycle route, but which is open to motor vehicle travel and upon which no bicycle lane is designated. Shared Turn Signal Face—a signal face, for controlling both a turn movement and the

52. rail line, with one or a number of consecutive public highway-rail grade crossings at which locomotive horns are not routinely sounded per 49 CFR Part 222. Rail Traffic—every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be transported on rails or tracks and to which all other traffic must yield the right-of-way by law at grade crossings, including trains, one or

53. with disabilities, within the highway or on a private road open to public travel. Roadway—that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk,

54. when volumes are influenced by entertainment or recreation. Backplate—see Signal Backplate. Barrier-Separated Lane—a preferential lane or other special purpose lane that is separated from the adjacent general-purpose lane(s) by a physical barrier. Beacon—a highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that operates in a flashing mode.

55. the state education authority for one or more grades K through 12 or as otherwise defined by the State. School Zone—a designated roadway segment approaching, adjacent to, and beyond school buildings or grounds, or along which school related activities occur. Semi-Actuated Operation—a type of traffic control signal operation

56. is not timing and that provides the name of the street that the crosswalk associated with that particular pushbutton crosses and can also provide other information about the intersection signalization or geometry. Pushbutton Locator Tone—a repeating sound that informs approaching pedestrians that a pushbutton exists to actuate pedestrian

57. barrier-separated lanes parallel to the general-purpose lanes of a highway in which access is restricted to designated locations. There are also some highways on which all lanes are managed. Manual Lane—see Attended Lane. Maximum Highway Traffic Signal Preemption Time—the maximum amount of time needed following initiation of the

58. considerations include an assessment of relative risks, benefits, costs, impacts, and other factors. 16 Interim approval allows for optional use of a traffic control device or application and does not create a new mandate or recommendation for use. Interim approval includes conditions that jurisdictions agree to comply with

59. with disabilities, within the highway or on a private road open to public travel. Roadway—that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more

60. open to public travel that desires to use a traffic control device for which FHWA has issued an interim approval shall request permission from FHWA. Guidance: 18 The request for permission to place a traffic control device under an interim approval should contain the following: A description of where the device will be used, such as a list of specific locations or highway segments

61. Marker—a device used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway. Occupancy Requirement—any restriction that regulates the use of a facility or one or more lanes of a facility for any period of the day based on a specified number of persons in a vehicle. Occupant—a person driving or riding in a car, truck, bus, or other vehicle. Open-Road ETC Lane—a non-attended lane

62. 01 Traffic control devices, advertisements, announcements, and other signs or messages within the highway right-of-way shall be placed only as authorized by a public authority or the official having jurisdiction, or, in the case of private roads open to public travel, by the private owner or private official having jurisdiction, for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.

63. required for the design vehicle of maximum length stopped just inside the minimum track clearance distance to start up and move through and clear the entire minimum track clearance distance. If pre-signals are present, this time shall be long enough to allow the vehicle to move through the intersection, or to clear the tracks if there is sufficient clear storage distance. If a Four-Quadrant

64. or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term roadway as used in this Manual shall refer to any such roadway separately, but not to all

65. a private road open to public travel. Roadway—that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel and parking lanes, but exclusive of the sidewalk, berm, or shoulder even though such sidewalk, berm, or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles or other human-powered vehicles. In the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term roadway as used

66. gate arm to lower after the design vehicle is clear of the minimum track clearance distance. Quiet Zone—a segment of a rail line, with one or a number of consecutive public highway-rail grade crossings at which locomotive horns are not routinely sounded per 49 CFR Part 222. Rail Traffic—every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be transported on rails

67. Forest Service, the U.S. Military Command, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property used by the public any sign, signal, marking, or other device intended to regulate,

68. in a flashing mode. Bicycle—a pedal-powered vehicle upon which the human operator sits. Bicycle Facilities—a general term denoting improvements and provisions that accommodate or encourage bicycling, including parking and storage facilities, and shared roadways not specifically defined for bicycle use. Bicycle Lane—a

69. Vehicle (HOV)—a motor vehicle carrying at least two or more persons, including carpools, vanpools, and buses. Highway—a general term for denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way. Highway-Light Rail Transit Grade Crossing—the general

70. Devices Support: 01 This Manual contains the basic principles that govern the design and use of traffic control devices for all streets, highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ) regardless of type or class or the public agency, official, or owner having jurisdiction. This Manual's text specifies the restriction on the use of a device if

71. other angle might come into conflict. The junction of an alley or driveway with a roadway or highway shall not constitute an intersection, unless the roadway or highway at said junction is controlled by a traffic control device. If a highway includes two roadways that are 30 feet or more apart (see definition of Median), then every crossing of each roadway of such divided

72. the highway, the distance is measured either along the center line or edge line of the highway, as appropriate, to obtain the longer distance. Minimum Warning Time—when used in Part 8 , the least amount of time active warning devices shall operate prior to the arrival of rail traffic at a grade crossing. Minor Interchange—an interchange where traffic is local and very light, such

73. Placement of Traffic Control Devices Standard: 01 Traffic control devices, advertisements, announcements, and other signs or messages within the highway right-of-way shall be placed only as authorized by a public authority or the official having jurisdiction, or, in the case of private roads open to public travel, by

74. Management, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidance: 08 States should adopt Section 15-116 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code," which states that, "No person shall install or maintain in any area of private property used by the public any sign, signal, marking, or other device intended to regulate, warn, or guide traffic unless it conforms with the State manual and specifications adopted under

75. signs and other devices that do not have any traffic control purpose are sometimes placed within the highway right-of-way by or with the permission of the public agency or the official having jurisdiction over the street or highway. Most of these signs and other devices are not intended for use by road users in general, and their message is only important to individuals who

76. At a location controlled by a traffic control signal, regardless of the distance between the separate intersections as defined in (c) and (d) above: If a stop line, yield line, or crosswalk has not been designated on the roadway (within the median) between the separate intersections, the two intersections and the roadway (median) between them shall be considered as one intersection; Where a stop

77. distance is clear of vehicular traffic prior to the arrival of rail traffic. Shared Roadway—a roadway that is officially designated and marked as a bicycle route, but which is open to motor vehicle travel and upon which no bicycle lane is designated. Shared Turn Signal Face—a signal face, for controlling both a turn movement and the adjacent through movement, that always displays the same

78. access. Flagger—a person who actively controls the flow of vehicular traffic into and/or through a temporary traffic control zone using hand-signaling devices or an Automated Flagger Assistance Device (AFAD). Flasher—a device used to turn highway traffic signal indications on and off at a repetitive rate of approximately once

79. the adjacent through lane(s). Object Marker—a device used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway. Occupancy Requirement—any restriction that regulates the use of a facility or one or more lanes of a facility for any period of the day based on a specified number of persons in a vehicle. Occupant—a person driving or riding in a car, truck, bus, or other vehicle.

80. of the roadway such that no portion of the sign or its support is directly above the roadway or shoulder. Posted Speed Limit—a speed limit determined by law or regulation and displayed on Speed Limit signs. Preemption—the transfer of normal operation of a traffic control signal to a special control mode of operation. Preferential Lane—a highway lane reserved for the exclusive use of one

81. edge of the traveled way, that is available for an errant driver to stop or regain control of a vehicle. This area might consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, and/or a non-recoverable, traversable slope with a clear run-out area at its toe. Collector Highway—a term denoting a highway that in rural areas connects small towns and local highways to arterial highways, and in

82. per 49 CFR Part 222. Rail Traffic—every device in, upon, or by which any person or property can be transported on rails or tracks and to which all other traffic must yield the right-of-way by law at grade crossings, including trains, one or more locomotives coupled (with or without cars), other railroad equipment, and light rail transit operating in exclusive or semi-exclusive alignments. Light

83. clearance distance is clear of vehicular traffic prior to the arrival of rail traffic. Shared Roadway—a roadway that is officially designated and marked as a bicycle route, but which is open to motor vehicle travel and upon which no bicycle lane is designated. Shared Turn Signal Face—a signal face, for controlling both a turn movement and the adjacent through movement, that always displays the

84. FHWA either directly or on a statewide basis based on the State's request should inform the State of the locations of such use. 21 A local jurisdiction, toll facility operator, or owner of a private road open to public travel that is requesting permission to experiment or permission to use a device or application under an interim approval should first check for any State

85. lane from the adjacent through lane(s). Object Marker—a device used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway. Occupancy Requirement—any restriction that regulates the use of a facility or one or more lanes of a facility for any period of the day based on a specified number of persons in a vehicle. Occupant—a person driving or riding in a car, truck, bus, or

86. than STOP or YIELD signs. White or yellow, if used with warning signs. White, if used with guide signs. White, yellow, or orange, if used with temporary traffic control signs. White or yellow, if used with school area signs. 09 If flashed, all LED units shall flash simultaneously at a rate of more than 50 and less than 60 times per minute. 10 The

87. Y Intersection W2-6 – Circular Intersection W2-7, -8 – Double Side Roads W3-1 – Stop Ahead W3-2 – Yield Ahead W3-3 – Signal Ahead W4-1 – Merge W4-2 – Lane Ends W4-3 – Added Lane W4-5 – Entering Roadway Merge W4-6 – Entering Roadway Added Lane W6-1, -2 – Divided Highway Begins and Ends W6-3 – Two-Way Traffic W10-1, -2, -3, -4, -11, -12

88. information regarding the acceptable methods of modifying the length of a word for a given letter height and series. Section 2A.14 Sign Borders Standard: 01 Unless otherwise provided, each sign illustrated in this Manual shall have a border of the same color as the legend, at or just inside the edge. 02 The corners of all sign borders shall be rounded, except for STOP

89. given letter height and series. Section 2A.14 Sign Borders Standard: 01 Unless otherwise provided, each sign illustrated in this Manual shall have a border of the same color as the legend, at or just inside the edge. 02 The corners of all sign borders shall be rounded, except for STOP signs. Guidance: 03 A dark border on a light background should be set in

90. Standard: 01 Except as provided in Section 2A.06 , all word messages shall use standard wording and letters as shown in this Manual and in the "Standard Highway Signs and Markings" book (see Section 1A.11 ). Guidance: 02 Word messages should be as brief as possible and the lettering should be large enough to provide the necessary legibility distance. A minimum specific ratio of

91. Except for STOP signs and as otherwise provided in Section 2E.16 , the corners of the sign should be rounded to a radius that is concentric with that of the border. Section 2A.15 Enhanced Conspicuity for Standard Signs Option: 01 Based upon engineering judgment, where the improvement of the conspicuity of a standard regulatory, warning, or guide sign is desired, any of the following

92. and other information. Standard: 05 Each standard sign shall be displayed only for the specific purpose as prescribed in this Manual. Determination of the particular signs to be applied to a specific condition shall be made in accordance with the provisions set forth in Part 2 . Before any new highway, private road open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ), detour,

93. such as when road users need to be notified of special regulations or warned about a situation that might not be readily apparent. Unlike colors that have not been assigned or symbols that have not been approved for signs, new word message signs may be used without the need for experimentation. Standard: 14 Except as provided in Paragraph 16 and except for the Carpool

94. distance. The use of such structures as sign supports might eliminate the need for the foundations and sign supports along the roadside. Section 2A.18 Mounting Height Standard: 01 The provisions of this Section shall apply unless specifically stated otherwise for a particular

95. Determination of the particular signs to be applied to a specific condition shall be made in accordance with the provisions set forth in Part 2 . Before any new highway, private road open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ), detour, or temporary route is opened to public travel, all necessary signs shall be in place. Signs required by road conditions or

96. roadside. Section 2A.18 Mounting Height Standard: 01 The provisions of this Section shall apply unless specifically stated otherwise for a particular sign or object marker elsewhere in this Manual. Support: 02 The mounting height requirements for object markers are provided in Chapter

97. mounted at right angles to the direction of, and facing, the traffic that they are intended to serve. 02 Where mirror reflection from the sign face is encountered to such a degree as to reduce legibility, the sign should be turned slightly away from the road. Signs that are placed 30 feet or more from the pavement edge should be turned toward the road.

98. or near capacity, Complex interchange design, Three or more lanes in each direction, Restricted sight distance, Closely-spaced interchanges, Multi-lane exits, Large percentage of trucks, Street lighting background, High-speed traffic, Consistency of sign message location through a series of interchanges, Insufficient space for post-mounted signs, Junction of two freeways,

99. series of signs, unless otherwise provided in the text discussion in this Manual for a particular sign or class of signs. Table 2A-4. Use of Sign Shapes Shape Signs Octagon Stop* Equilateral Triangle (1 point down) Yield* Circle Grade Crossing Advance Warning*

100. be established. Support: 09 An order of priority is especially critical where space is limited for sign installation and there is a demand for several different types of signs. Overloading road users with too much information is not desirable. Guidance: 10 Because regulatory and warning information is more

101. ≥ 7; Green retroreflectivity ≥ 7 W3-5 – Speed Reduction: White retroreflectivity ≥ 50 For non-diamond shaped signs such as W14-3 (No Passing Zone), W4-4P (Cross Traffic Does Not Stop), or W13-1P, -2, -3, -6, -7(Speed Advisory Signs), use largest sign dimension to determine proper minimum retroreflectivity level.

102. ≥ 7 W3-2 – Yield Ahead: Red retroreflectivity ≥ 7; White retroreflectivity ≥ 35 W3-3 – Signal Ahead: Red retroreflectivity ≥ 7; Green retroreflectivity ≥ 7 W3-5 – Speed Reduction: White retroreflectivity ≥ 50 For non-diamond shaped signs such as W14-3 (No Passing Zone), W4-4P (Cross Traffic Does Not Stop), or W13-1P, -2, -3, -6, -7(Speed Advisory Signs), use largest sign dimension to determine

103. message, and background (through a translucent material) Attached or independently mounted light source designed to direct essentially uniform illumination onto the sign face Entire sign face Light emitting diodes (LEDs) Symbol or word message Portions of the sign border Other devices, or treatments that highlight the sign shape,

104. a particular sign or class of signs. Table 2A-4. Use of Sign Shapes Shape Signs Octagon Stop* Equilateral Triangle (1 point down) Yield* Circle Grade Crossing Advance Warning* Pennant Shape/ Isosceles Triangle (longer axis horizontal) No Passing* Pentagon (pointed up) School Advance

105. height and series. Section 2A.14 Sign Borders Standard: 01 Unless otherwise provided, each sign illustrated in this Manual shall have a border of the same color as the legend, at or just inside the edge. 02 The corners of all sign borders shall be rounded, except for STOP signs. Guidance: 03 A dark border on a light background should be set in from the

106. In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be post-mounted on the left-hand or right-hand side of the roadway. 04 If used, the Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall be placed over the roadway at the crosswalk location. 05 An In-Street or Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be placed in advance of the crosswalk to educate road users about the State law prior to reaching the

107. Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall be placed over the roadway at the crosswalk location. 05 An In-Street or Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be placed in advance of the crosswalk to educate road users about the State law prior to reaching the crosswalk, nor shall it be installed as an educational display that is not near any crosswalk. Guidance: 06 If an island

108. are used in advance of a marked crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach. The Stop Here for Pedestrians signs shall only be used where the law specifically requires that a driver must stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk. The legend STATE LAW may be displayed at the top of the R1-5, R1-5a, R1-5b, and R1-5c signs, if applicable. Figure 2B-2 Unsignalized Pedestrian

109. 40 36 x 12* 54 x 18 54 x 18 54 x 18 — 54 x 18 One Way R6-2 2B.

110. pedestrian in a crosswalk. The legend STATE LAW may be displayed at the top of the R1-5, R1-5a, R1-5b, and R1-5c signs, if applicable. Figure 2B-2 Unsignalized Pedestrian Crosswalk Signs Guidance: 02 If yield (stop)lines and Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs are used in advance of a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach, they should be placed 20 to 50

111. the traffic control signal, but does not require separate traffic signal control because an extremely low potential for conflict exists; or If a channelized turn lane is separated from the adjacent travel lanes by an island and the channelized turn lane is not controlled by a traffic control signal. 11 Except as provided in Section 2B.09 , STOP signs and YIELD signs shall not

112. installation dates, anti-vandalism stickers, and bar codes shall be mounted on the backs of STOP or YIELD signs. 06 No items other than retroreflective strips (see Section 2A.21 ) or official traffic control signs shall be mounted on the fronts or backs of STOP or YIELD signs supports. Guidance: 07 STOP or YIELD signs should not be placed farther than 50 feet from the

113. 2B-1 ) shall be a downward-pointing equilateral triangle with a wide red border and the legend YIELD in red on a white background. Support: 02 The YIELD sign assigns right-of-way to traffic on certain approaches to an intersection. Vehicles controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions or stop when necessary to avoid

114. alternative messages of TRAFFIC FROM LEFT (RIGHT) DOES NOT STOP (W4-4aP) or ONCOMING TRAFFIC DOES NOT STOP (W4-4bP) should be used at intersections where STOP signs control all but one approach to the intersection, unless the only non-stopped approach is from a one-way street. Option: 09 An EXCEPT RIGHT TURN (R1-10P) plaque (see Figure 2B-1 ) may be mounted below the STOP sign if

115. channelized intersection where the design is such as to indicate clearly the one-way traffic movement on the ramp or turning lane. Standard: 14 The No Left Turn (R3-2) sign, the No U-Turn (R3-4) sign, and the combination No U-Turn/No Left Turn (R3-18) sign shall not be used at approaches to roundabouts to prohibit drivers from turning left onto the circulatory roadway of a roundabout.

116. also be placed overhead facing the approach at the intersection to improve observance of the right-of-way control. Standard: 19 More than one STOP sign or more than one YIELD sign shall not be placed on the same support facing in the same direction. Option: 20 For a yield-controlled channelized right-turn movement onto a roadway without an acceleration lane and for an entrance ramp onto

117. an exclusive left-turn lane or two-way left-turn lane cannot be incorporated into the lane-use pattern for a particular peak or off-peak period, consideration should be given to prohibiting left turns and U-turns during that time period. Section 2B.27 Jughandle Signs (R3-23, R3-24,

118. word message) is described in Section 2C.59 . Guidance: 08 Plaques with the appropriate alternative messages of TRAFFIC FROM LEFT (RIGHT) DOES NOT STOP (W4-4aP) or ONCOMING TRAFFIC DOES NOT STOP (W4-4bP) should be used at intersections where STOP signs control all but one approach to the intersection, unless the only non-stopped approach is from a one-way street. Option: 09 An EXCEPT RIGHT TURN

119. YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions or stop when necessary to avoid interfering with conflicting traffic. Section 2B.09 YIELD Sign Applications Option: 01 YIELD signs may be installed: On the approaches to a through street or highway where conditions are such that a full stop is not always required. At the second crossroad of

120. Lane closed Upward pointing black arrow on white background (if left turns are permitted, the arrow shall be modified to show left / through arrow) Lane open for through travel and any turns not otherwise prohibited Black two-way left-turn arrows on white

121. at the intersection to improve observance of the right-of-way control. Standard: 19 More than one STOP sign or more than one YIELD sign shall not be placed on the same support facing in the same direction. Option: 20 For a yield-controlled channelized right-turn movement onto a roadway without an acceleration lane and for an entrance ramp onto a freeway or expressway without an acceleration

122. in the median. An additional STOP or YIELD sign may also be placed overhead facing the approach at the intersection to improve observance of the right-of-way control. Standard: 19 More than one STOP sign or more than one YIELD sign shall not be placed on the same support facing in the same direction. Option: 20 For a yield-controlled channelized right-turn movement onto a roadway

123. regarding the applicability of the various columns in Table 2B-1 . Standard: 03 Except as provided in Paragraphs 4 and 5 , the minimum sizes for regulatory signs facing traffic on multi-lane conventional roads shall be as shown in the Multi-lane column of Table 2B-1 . Option: 04 Where the posted speed limit is 35 mph or less on a multi-lane highway or street,

124. 01 Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians (R1-5, R1-5a, R1-5b, or R1-5c) signs (see Figure 2B-2 ) shall be used if yield (stop) lines are used in advance of a marked crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach. The Stop Here for Pedestrians signs shall only be used where the law specifically requires that a driver must stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk.

125. Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be used at signalized locations. 09 The STOP FOR legend shall only be used in States where the State law specifically requires that a driver must stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk. 10 The In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign shall have a black legend (except for the red STOP or YIELD sign symbols) and border on a white background,

126. (R3-2) signs (see Figure 2B-4 ) are used, at least one should be placed over the roadway, at the far left-hand corner of the intersection, on a median, or in conjunction with the STOP sign or YIELD sign located on the near right-hand corner. 05 Except as provided in Item C of Paragraph 9 for signalized locations, if NO TURNS (R3-3) signs (see Figure

127. — — Overhead Ped Crossing R1-9, 9a 2B.12 90 x 24 90 x 24 — — — — Except Right Turn (plaque) R1-10P 2B.05 24 x 18 24 x 18 — — — — Speed Limit R2-1 2B.13 24 x 30* 30 x 36 36 x 48 48 x 60 18 x 24* 30 x 36 Truck Speed Limit (plaque) R2-2P 2B.14 24 x

128. 2B.11 — 36 x 48 — — — 36 x 48 In-Street Ped Crossing R1-6, 6a 2B.12 12 x 36 12 x 36 — — — — Overhead Ped Crossing R1-9, 9a 2B.12 90 x 24 90 x 24 — — — — Except Right Turn (plaque) R1-10P 2B.05 24 x 18 24 x 18 — — — — Speed Limit R2-1 2B.13 24

129. 30 36 x 48 48 x 60 — 36 x 48 No Stopping Except on Shoulder R8-6 2B.46 24 x 30 24 x 30 36 x 48 48 x 60 — 36 x 48 Emergency Stopping Only R8-7 2B.49 30 x 24 30 x 24 48 x 36 48 x 36 — 48 x 36 Walk on Left Facing Traffic R9-1 2B.50 18 x

130. 36 x 48 — — — 36 x 48 Stop Here for Peds R1-5b 2B.11 — 36 x 36 — — — 36 x 36 Stop Here for Pedestrians R1-5c 2B.11 — 36 x 48 — — — 36 x 48 In-Street Ped Crossing R1-6, 6a 2B.12 12 x 36 12 x 36 — — — — Overhead Ped Crossing R1-9, 9a 2B.12 90

131. 48 x 36 60 x 48 — 48 x 36 Lights On When Using Wipers or Raining R16-5,6 2B.64 24 x 30 24 x 30 36 x 48 48 x 60 — 36 x 48 Turn On Headlights Next XX Miles R16-7 2B.64 48 x 15 48 x 15 72 x 24 96 x 30 — 72 x 24 Turn On, Check Headlights R16-8,9

132. 2B.23 — — 78 x 36 78 x 36 — — Do Not Pass R4-1 2B.28 24 x 30 24 x 30 36 x 48 48 x 60 18 x 24 36 x 48 Pass With Care R4-2 2B.29 24 x 30 24 x 30 36 x 48 48 x 60 18 x 24 36 x 48 Slower Traffic Keep Right R4-3 2B.30 24

133. The ability to see conflicting traffic on an approach is not sufficient to allow a road user to stop or yield in compliance with the normal right-of-way rule if such stopping or yielding is necessary; and/or Crash records indicate that five or more crashes that involve the failure to yield the right-of-way at the intersection under the normal right-of-way rule have been reported within

134. approximately 1/2 mile, to avoid obtaining skewed results for the 85th-percentile speed. Support: 14 Advance warning signs and other traffic control devices to attract the motorist's attention to a signalized intersection are usually more effective than a reduced speed limit zone. Guidance: 15 An advisory speed plaque (see

135. the travel direction within a roundabout. Section 2B.19 Intersection Lane Control Signs (R3-5 through R3-8) Standard: 01 Intersection Lane Control signs, if used, shall require road users in certain lanes to turn, shall permit turns from a lane where such turns would otherwise not be permitted, shall require a road user to stay in the same lane and proceed straight through an intersection, or

136. acceleration geometry and/or sight distance is not adequate for merging traffic operation. Standard: 02 A YIELD (R1-2) sign shall be used to assign right-of-way at the entrance to a roundabout. YIELD signs at roundabouts shall be used to control the approach roadways and shall not be used to control the circulatory roadway. 03 Other than for all of the approaches to a roundabout, YIELD

137. Arrow (R6-4 series) signs (see Section 2B.43 ) and/or ONE WAY (R6-1R or R6-2R) signs are the appropriate signs to indicate the travel direction within a roundabout. Section 2B.19 Intersection Lane Control Signs (R3-5 through R3-8) Standard: 01 Intersection Lane Control signs, if used, shall require road users in certain lanes to turn, shall permit turns from a lane where such turns would otherwise

138. Guidance: 05 Agencies should limit the use of the Higher Fines signs and plaque to locations where work is actually underway, or to locations where the roadway, shoulder, or other conditions, including the presence of a school zone and/or a reduced school speed limit zone, require a speed reduction or extra caution on the part of the road user. Option: 06 Alternate legends such

139. YIELD or STOP sign where two roadways with relatively equal volumes and/or characteristics intersect: Controlling the direction that conflicts the most with established pedestrian crossing activity or school walking routes; Controlling the direction that has obscured vision, dips, or bumps that already require drivers to use lower operating

140. multiples of 5 mph. Figure 2B-3 Speed Limit and Photo Enforcement Signs and Plaques 03 Speed Limit (R2-1) signs, indicating speed limits for which posting is required by law, shall be located at the points of change from one speed limit to another. 04 At the downstream end of the section to which a speed limit applies, a Speed Limit sign showing the next

141. at the crosswalk location. Standard: 08 The In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign and the Overhead Pedestrian Crossing sign shall not be used at signalized locations. 09 The STOP FOR legend shall only be used in States where the State law specifically requires that a driver must stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk. 10 The In-Street Pedestrian Crossing sign shall have a black legend (except

142. to an intersection. Vehicles controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions or stop when necessary to avoid interfering with conflicting traffic. Section 2B.09 YIELD Sign Applications Option: 01 YIELD signs may be installed: On the approaches to a through street or highway where conditions are such that a full stop is not

143. The use of educational plaques to supplement symbol signs is described in Section 2A.12 . Guidance: 05 Changeable message signs displaying a regulatory message incorporating a prohibitory message that includes a red circle and slash on a static sign should display a

144. installation of the traffic control signal. Five or more reported crashes in a 12-month period that are susceptible to correction by a multi-way stop installation. Such crashes include right-turn and left-turn collisions as well as right-angle collisions. Minimum volumes: The vehicular volume entering the intersection from the major

145. practices and pedestrian activity; and Reported crash experience for at least a 12-month period. 17 Two types of Speed Limit signs may be used: one to designate passenger car speeds, including any nighttime information or minimum speed limit that might apply; and the other to show any special

146. near locations that generate high pedestrian volumes; Locations where a road user, after stopping, cannot see conflicting traffic and is not able to negotiate the intersection unless conflicting cross traffic is also required to stop; and An intersection of two residential neighborhood collector (through) streets of similar design

147. engineering study include: The need to control left-turn conflicts; The need to control vehicle/pedestrian conflicts near locations that generate high pedestrian volumes; Locations where a road user, after stopping, cannot see conflicting traffic and is not able to negotiate the intersection unless conflicting cross traffic is also required

148. STATE LAW may be displayed at the top of the R1-5, R1-5a, R1-5b, and R1-5c signs, if applicable. Figure 2B-2 Unsignalized Pedestrian Crosswalk Signs Guidance: 02 If yield (stop)lines and Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs are used in advance of a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach, they should be placed 20 to 50 feet in advance of the nearest

149. traffic volumes on all approaches; Number and angle of approaches; Approach speeds; Sight distance available on each approach; and Reported crash experience. 03 YIELD or STOP signs should be used at an intersection if one or more of the following conditions exist: An intersection of a less important road with a main road where application of the normal right-of-way rule would not be expected

150. in the intersection. When two vehicles approach an intersection from different streets or highways at approximately the same time, the right-of-way rule requires the driver of the vehicle on the left to yield the right-of-way to the vehicle on the right. The right-of-way can be modified at through streets or highways by placing YIELD (R1-2) signs (see Sections 2B.08 and 2B.09 ) or STOP

151. available on each approach; and Reported crash experience. 03 YIELD or STOP signs should be used at an intersection if one or more of the following conditions exist: An intersection of a less important road with a main road where application of the normal right-of-way rule would not be expected to provide reasonable compliance with the law; A street entering a designated through highway

152. the right-of-way control. Standard: 19 More than one STOP sign or more than one YIELD sign shall not be placed on the same support facing in the same direction. Option: 20 For a yield-controlled channelized right-turn movement onto a roadway without an acceleration lane and for an entrance ramp onto a freeway or expressway without an acceleration lane, a NO MERGE AREA (W4-5P) supplemental

153. where to yield (stop) even if yield (stop) lines are not used. 05 A Pedestrian Crossing (W11-2) warning sign may be placed overhead or may be post-mounted with a diagonal downward pointing arrow (W16-7P) plaque at the crosswalk location where Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs have been installed in advance of the crosswalk. Standard: 06 If a W11-2 sign has been

154. YIELD Sign (R1-2) Standard: 01 The YIELD (R1-2) sign (see Figure 2B-1 ) shall be a downward-pointing equilateral triangle with a wide red border and the legend YIELD in red on a white background. Support: 02 The YIELD sign assigns right-of-way to traffic on certain approaches to an intersection. Vehicles controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is

155. Slow Vehicles with XX or More Following Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out R4-12 2B.35 42 x 24 42 x 24 — — — — Slow Vehicles Must Use Turn-Out Ahead R4-13 2B.35 42 x 24 42 x 24 — — — — Slow Vehicles Must Turn Out R4-14 2B.35 30 x 42 30 x 42 — — — — Keep Right Except to Pass R4-16

156. — 36 x 48 Stop Here on Red R10-6a 2B.53 24 x 30 24 x 30 — — — 36 x 42 Do Not Block Intersection R10-7 2B.53 24 x 30 24 x 30 — — — — Use Lane with Green Arrow R10-8 2B.53 36 x 42 36 x 42 36 x 42 — — 60 x 72 Left (Right) Turn Signal R10-10

157. message upon restoration of power may be used during a power outage to control a signalized approach. Support: 15 Section 9B.03 contains provisions regarding the assignment of priority at a shared-use path/roadway intersection. Section 2B.05 STOP Sign (R1-1) and ALL WAY Plaque (R1-3P) Standard: 01 When it is determined that a full stop is always required on an approach to an intersection, a STOP

158. at a shared-use path/roadway intersection. Section 2B.05 STOP Sign (R1-1) and ALL WAY Plaque (R1-3P) Standard: 01 When it is determined that a full stop is always required on an approach to an intersection, a STOP (R1-1) sign (see Figure 2B-1 ) shall be used. Figure 2B-1 STOP and YIELD Signs and Plaques 02 The STOP sign shall be an octagon with a white

159. direction (i.e., as a two-way left-turn lane) Black single left-turn arrow on white background and legend ONLY Lane may be used only for left turns in one direction (without opposing left turns in the same lane) 06 Reversible Lane Control signs shall consist of a white background with a black legend and border, except for the R3-9d sign, where the color red is used.

160. the intersection. The portable signs are only to be used during the time that the movement prohibition is applicable. 13 Movement Prohibition signs may be omitted at a ramp entrance to an expressway or a channelized intersection where the design is such as to indicate clearly the one-way traffic movement on the ramp or turning lane. Standard: 14 The No Left Turn (R3-2) sign,

161. in Table 2B-1 . Standard: 03 Except as provided in Paragraphs 4 and 5 , the minimum sizes for regulatory signs facing traffic on multi-lane conventional roads shall be as shown in the Multi-lane column of Table 2B-1 . Option: 04 Where the posted speed limit is 35 mph or less on a multi-lane highway or street, other than for a STOP sign, the

162. made to the design provided that the essential appearance characteristics are met. Support: 04 The use of educational plaques to supplement symbol signs is described in Section 2A.12 . Guidance: 05 Changeable message signs displaying a regulatory message incorporating a prohibitory message that includes a red circle and

163. controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions or stop when necessary to avoid interfering with conflicting traffic. Section 2B.09 YIELD Sign Applications Option: 01 YIELD signs may be installed: On the approaches to a through street or highway where conditions are such that a full stop is not always required. At the

164. (stop)line and the crosswalk. 03 Yield (stop)lines and Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs should not be used in advance of crosswalks that cross an approach to or departure from a roundabout. Option: 04 Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs may be used in advance of a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach to indicate to road users where

165. intersections where STOP signs control all but one approach to the intersection, unless the only non-stopped approach is from a one-way street. Option: 09 An EXCEPT RIGHT TURN (R1-10P) plaque (see Figure 2B-1 ) may be mounted below the STOP sign if an engineering study determines that a special combination of geometry and traffic volumes is present that makes it possible for right-turning traffic

166. of a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach to indicate to road users where to yield (stop) even if yield (stop) lines are not used. 05 A Pedestrian Crossing (W11-2) warning sign may be placed overhead or may be post-mounted with a diagonal downward pointing arrow (W16-7P) plaque at the crosswalk location where Yield Here To (Stop Here For) Pedestrians signs have been

167. 02 The YIELD sign assigns right-of-way to traffic on certain approaches to an intersection. Vehicles controlled by a YIELD sign need to slow down to a speed that is reasonable for the existing conditions or stop when necessary to avoid interfering with conflicting traffic. Section 2B.09 YIELD Sign Applications Option: 01 YIELD signs may be installed: On the approaches to a through street or

168. with a main road where application of the normal right-of-way rule would not be expected to provide reasonable compliance with the law; A street entering a designated through highway or street; and/or An unsignalized intersection in a signalized area. 04 In addition, the use of YIELD or STOP signs should be considered at the intersection of two minor streets or local roads where the

169. approach to the curve, and the horizontal curve's advisory speed. Table 2C-5. Horizontal Alignment Sign Selection Type of Horizontal Alignment Sign Difference Between Speed Limit and Advisory Speed 5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 20 mph 25 mph or more Turn (W1-1),

170. are appropriate for the determination of the recommended advisory speed for a horizontal curve are the following: An accelerometer that provides a direct determination of side friction factors A design speed equation A traditional ball-bank indicator using the following criteria: 16 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 20 mph or less 14 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 25 to 30 mph 12 degrees

171. the elevation of the near edge of the traveled way. Guidance: 05 The approximate spacing of Chevron Alignment signs on the turn or curve measured from the point of curvature (PC) should be as shown in Table 2C-6 . Table 2C-6. Typical Spacing of Chevron Alignment Signs on Horizontal Curves Advisory Speed Curve Radius Sign Spacing 15 mph or less Less than 200 feet

172. 50 , 51 Pedestrian, Deer, Cattle, Snowmobile, Equestrian, Wheelchair, Large Animals, Playground W11-2,3,4,6,7,9,16,17,18,19, 20,21,22; W15-1; W16-13P New 2C.

173. motorcycle under wet or dry conditions. The use of some of the advance surface condition warning signs described in Section 2C.32 , such as Slippery When Wet, LOOSE GRAVEL, or ROUGH ROAD, can also be helpful to motorcyclists if those conditions exist. Option: 02 If a portion of a street or highway features a roadway pavement surface that is grooved or textured instead of

174. higher, or the prevailing speed on the approach to the curve, and the horizontal curve's advisory speed. Table 2C-5. Horizontal Alignment Sign Selection Type of Horizontal Alignment Sign Difference Between Speed Limit and Advisory Speed 5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 20

175. Horizontal Curves Advisory Speed Curve Radius Sign Spacing 15 mph or less Less than 200 feet 40 feet 20 to 30 mph 200 to 400 feet 80 feet 35 to 45 mph 401 to 700 feet 120 feet 50 to 60 mph 701 to 1,250 feet 160 feet More than 60 mph More than 1,250 feet 200 feet Note: The relationship between the curve

176. signs shall not be used instead of the W14-1 or W14-2 signs where traffic can proceed straight through the intersection into the dead end street or no outlet area. Section 2C.27 Low Clearance Signs (W12-2 and W12-2a) Standard: 01 The Low Clearance (W12-2) sign (see Figure 2C-5 ) shall be used to warn road users of clearances less than 12 inches above the statutory

177. Crossing, Truck (symbol), Emergency Vehicle, Tractor, Bicycle, Golf Cart, Horse-Drawn Vehicle, Trail Crossing W8-6; W11-1,5,5a,8,10,11, 12P,14,15,15P,15a; W16-13P Non-Vehicular 2C.50 , 51 Pedestrian, Deer, Cattle, Snowmobile, Equestrian, Wheelchair, Large Animals, Playground W11-2,3,4,6,7,9,16,17,18,19, 20,21,22;

178. 2C-4. Guidelines for Advance Placement of Warning Signs Posted or 85th-Percentile Speed Advance Placement Distance 1 Condition A: Speed reduction and lane changing in heavy traffic 2 Condition B: Deceleration to the listed advisory speed (mph) for the condition 0 3 10 4 20 4 30 4 40 4 50 4 60 4 70 4 20 mph 225 ft 100 ft 6 N/A 5

179. indicator using the following criteria: 16 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 20 mph or less 14 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 25 to 30 mph 12 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 35 mph and higher 08 The 16, 14, and 12 degrees of ball-bank criteria are comparable to the current AASHTO horizontal curve design guidance. Research has shown that drivers often

180. 48 90 x 48 — — New Traffic Pattern Ahead W23-2 2C.52 36 x 36 36 x 36 — — — — Traffic Signal Extended Green W25-1,2 2C.48 24 x 30 24 x 30 — — — — * The minimum size required for diamond-shaped warning signs facing traffic on multi-lane conventional roads shall be 36 x 36 per Section 2C.04 Notes: Larger signs

181. do not have engineers on their staffs who are trained and/or experienced in traffic control devices. Section 2C.03 Design of Warning Signs Standard: 01 Except as provided in Paragraph 2 or unless specifically designated otherwise, all warning signs shall be diamond-shaped (square

182. — — 144 x 48 — — Expressway Ends XX Miles W19-2 2C.24 — — 144 x 48 — — — Freeway Ends W19-3 2C.24 — — — 48 x 48 — — Expressway Ends W19-4 2C.24 — — 48 x 48 — — — All Traffic Must Exit W19-5 2C.24 — — 90 x 48 90 x 48 — — New Traffic Pattern

183. the ramp, or on the arterial on the approach to the ramp, to alert road users to the presence and operation of ramp meters. Standard: 03 The RAMP METERED WHEN FLASHING sign shall be supplemented with a warning beacon (see Section 4L.03 ) that flashes when the ramp control signal is in operation. Section 2C.38 Reduced Speed Limit Ahead Signs (W3-5, W3-5a) Guidance: 01

184. their ability to maintain control of their motorcycle under wet or dry conditions. The use of some of the advance surface condition warning signs described in Section 2C.32 , such as Slippery When Wet, LOOSE GRAVEL, or ROUGH ROAD, can also be helpful to motorcyclists if those conditions exist. Option: 02 If a portion of a street or highway features a roadway pavement surface

185. in advance of the downstream end of an acceleration lane. Standard: 08 In dropped lane situations, regulatory signs (see Section 2B.20) shall be used to inform road users that a through lane is becoming a mandatory turn lane. The W4-2, W9-1, and W9-2 signs shall not be used in dropped lane situations. Section 2C.43 RIGHT (LEFT) LANE EXIT ONLY AHEAD Sign (W9-7) Option: 01

186. curve measured from the point of curvature (PC) should be as shown in Table 2C-6 . Table 2C-6. Typical Spacing of Chevron Alignment Signs on Horizontal Curves Advisory Speed Curve Radius Sign Spacing 15 mph or less Less than 200 feet 40 feet 20 to 30 mph 200 to 400 feet 80 feet 35 to 45 mph 401 to 700 feet 120 feet 50

187. Bridge W5-2,3 2C.22 , 23, 25 Divided Highway, Divided Highway Ends, Double Arrow W6-1,2; W12-1 2C.24 Freeway or Expressway Ends, All Traffic Must Exit W19-1,2,3,4,5 2C.26 Dead End, No Outlet W14-1,1a,2,2a 2C.27 Low Clearance W12-2,2a Roadway Surface Condition 2C.28 - 29 Bump, Dip, Speed Hump W8-1,2; W17-1 2C.30

188. the road user to avoid the dead end or no outlet condition by turning at the nearest intersecting street. 06 The DEAD END (W14-1a) or NO OUTLET (W14-2a) signs shall not be used instead of the W14-1 or W14-2 signs where traffic can proceed straight through the intersection into the dead end street or no outlet area. Section 2C.27 Low Clearance Signs (W12-2 and

189. streets or on divided highways where the width of the median will permit, two Lane Ends signs may be placed facing approaching traffic, one on the right-hand side and the other on the left-hand side or median. Support: 05 Section 3B.09 contains information regarding the use of pavement markings in conjunction with a lane reduction. Guidance: 06 Where an extra lane has been provided

190. traffic. 04 Where two roadways of approximately equal importance converge, a Merge sign should be placed on each roadway. 05 When a Merge sign is to be installed on an entering roadway that curves before merging with the major roadway, such as a ramp with a curving horizontal alignment as it approaches the major roadway, the Entering Roadway Merge (W4-5) sign (see Figure 2C-8

191. in accordance with the information shown in Table 2C-5 . 05 If used, the One-Direction Large Arrow sign shall be installed on the outside of a turn or curve in line with and at approximately a right angle to approaching traffic. 06 The One-Direction Large Arrow sign shall not be used where there is no alignment change in the direction of travel, such as

192. ZONE Sign (W14-3) Standard: 01 The NO PASSING ZONE (W14-3) sign (see Figure 2C-8 ) shall be a pennant-shaped isosceles triangle with its longer axis horizontal and pointing to the right. When used, the NO PASSING ZONE sign shall be installed on the left side of the roadway at the beginning of no-passing zones identified by pavement markings or DO NOT PASS signs or

193. should be placed at appropriate intervals along the road where the condition continually exists. Section 2C.32 Surface Condition Signs (W8-5, W8-7, W8-8, W8-11, W8-13, and W8-14) Option: 01 The Slippery When Wet (W8-5) sign (see Figure 2C-6 ) may be used to warn of unexpected slippery conditions. Supplemental plaques with legends such as ICE, WHEN WET, STEEL DECK, or EXCESS OIL may be used

194. 2C-8 ) may be used to warn road users on the major roadway that merging movements might be encountered in advance of a point where lanes from two separate roadways converge as a single traffic lane and no turning conflict occurs. Figure 2C-8 Merging and Passing Signs and Plaques 02 A Merge sign may also be installed on the side of the entering roadway

195. in the direction of travel on a multi-lane highway (see Figure 2C-8 ). Option: 02 The RIGHT (LEFT) LANE ENDS (W9-1) sign (see Figure 2C-8 ) may be used in advance of the Lane Ends (W4-2) sign or the LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT (RIGHT) (W9-2) sign as additional warning or to emphasize that the traffic lane is ending and that a merging maneuver will

196. (see Figure 2C-5 ) should be used on the approaches to a section of highway (not an intersection or junction) where the opposing flows of traffic are separated by a median or other physical barrier. Standard: 02 The Divided Highway (W6-1) sign shall not be used instead of a Keep Right (R4-7 series) sign on the approach end of a median island. Section 2C.23

197. the change in alignment. Standard: 07 Chevron Alignment signs shall not be placed on the far side of a T-intersection facing traffic on the stem approach to warn drivers that a through movement is not physically possible, as this is the function of a Two-Direction (or One-Direction) Large Arrow sign. 08 Chevron Alignment signs shall not be used to mark obstructions within or adjacent

198. Turn (W1-1) or Curve (W1-2) signs where there are three or more changes in roadway alignment each separated by a tangent distance of less than 600 feet. 05 A NEXT XX MILES (W7-3aP) supplemental distance plaque (see Section 2C.55 ) may be installed below the Winding Road sign where continuous roadway curves exist for a specific distance. 06 If the curve has a change

199. to the right. When used, the NO PASSING ZONE sign shall be installed on the left side of the roadway at the beginning of no-passing zones identified by pavement markings or DO NOT PASS signs or both (see Sections 2B.28 and 3B.02 ). Section 2C.46 Intersection Warning Signs (W2-1 through W2-8) Option: 01 A Cross Road (W2-1) symbol, Side Road (W2-2 or W2-3) symbol,

200. street ends in the direction indicated by the arrow. 03 At locations where the cross street does not have a name, the W14-1a or W14-2a signs may be used alone in place of a street name sign. Standard: 04 The DEAD END (W14-1a) and NO OUTLET (W14-2a) signs shall be horizontal rectangles with an arrow pointing to the left or right. 05 When the

201. 08 Intersection Warning signs, other than the Circular Intersection (W2-6) symbol sign and the T-intersection (W2-4) symbol sign should not be used on approaches controlled by STOP signs, YIELD signs, or signals. 09 If an Intersection Warning sign is used where the side roads are not opposite of each other, the Offset Side Roads (W2-7) symbol sign (see Figure 2C-9 ) should be used

202. Highway (Road) Ends (W6-2) sign discussed in Section 2C.23 . Section 2C.45 NO PASSING ZONE Sign (W14-3) Standard: 01 The NO PASSING ZONE (W14-3) sign (see Figure 2C-8 ) shall be a pennant-shaped isosceles triangle with its longer axis horizontal and pointing to the right. When used, the NO PASSING ZONE sign shall be installed on the left side of the roadway at the

203. ) shall be a pennant-shaped isosceles triangle with its longer axis horizontal and pointing to the right. When used, the NO PASSING ZONE sign shall be installed on the left side of the roadway at the beginning of no-passing zones identified by pavement markings or DO NOT PASS signs or both (see Sections 2B.28 and 3B.02 ). Section 2C.46 Intersection Warning Signs (W2-1 through

204. changeable message sign activated by the detection of an approaching vehicle with a high center of gravity that is traveling in excess of the recommended speed for the condition. Support: 05 The curved arrow on the Truck Rollover Warning sign shows the direction of roadway curvature. The truck tips in the opposite direction. Section 2C.14 Advisory Exit and Ramp Speed Signs (W13-2 and W13-3)

205. shall not be used instead of a Keep Right (R4-7 series) sign on the approach end of a median island. Section 2C.23 Divided Highway Ends Sign (W6-2) Guidance: 01 A Divided Highway Ends (W6-2) sign (see Figure 2C-5 ) should be used in advance of the end of a section of physically divided highway (not an intersection or junction) as a warning of two-way

206. Pedestrian, Deer, Cattle, Snowmobile, Equestrian,

207. shall indicate the depth of the water at the deepest point on the roadway. Option: 03 The GUSTY WINDS AREA (W8-21) sign (see Figure 2C-6 ) may be used to warn road users that wind gusts frequently occur along a section of highway that are strong enough to impact the stability of trucks, recreational vehicles, and other vehicles with high centers of gravity. A

208. speeds of 25 to 30 mph 12 degrees of ball-bank for speeds of 35 mph and higher 08 The 16, 14, and 12 degrees of ball-bank criteria are comparable to the current AASHTO horizontal curve design guidance. Research has shown that drivers often exceed existing posted advisory curve speeds by 7 to 10 mph. Guidance: 09 The advisory speed should be determined based on

209. used, the Parking Area guide sign should be installed on major thoroughfares at the nearest point of access to the parking facility and where it can advise drivers of a place to park. The sign should not be used more than four blocks from the parking area. Section 2D.48 PARK - RIDE Sign (D4-2) Option: 01 PARK - RIDE (D4-2) signs (see Figure 2D-10)

210. 3-inch lower-case letters may be used. Option: 09 Supplementary lettering to indicate the type of street (such as Street, Avenue, or Road) or the section of the city (such as NW) on the D3-1 and D3-1a signs may be in smaller lettering, composed of initial upper-case letters at least 3 inches in height and lower-case letters at least 2.25 inches in height. Conventional abbreviations

211. stated under the specific headings for individual guide signs or groups of signs. General provisions are given in Sections 2A.07 , 2A.08 , and 2A.10 . Standard: 02 Except where otherwise provided in this Manual for individual signs or groups of signs, guide signs on streets and highways shall have a white message and border on a green background. All messages, borders, and legends

212. of Guide Signs for Roundabouts 08 Diagrammatic guide signs might be preferable where space is available and where the geometry of the circular intersection is non-typical, such as where more than four legs are present or where the legs are not at approximately 90-degree angles to each other. Standard: 09 If used, diagrammatic guide signs for circular intersections shall not depict the number of

213. Development of United States Numbered Highways," and "Establishment of a Marking System of the Routes Comprising the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways." Guidance: 04 The principles of these policies should be followed in establishing the highway systems described in Paragraph

214. 24 x 12 inches. Those carrying arrow symbols, or the JCT sign, shall have a standard size of 21 x 15 inches. All route sign auxiliaries shall match the color combination of the route sign that they supplement. Guidance: 02 With route signs of larger heights, auxiliary signs should be suitably enlarged, but not such that they exceed the width of the route sign.

215. with destination information such as a cardinal direction, a route number, a street name, and/or a place name may be used. Support: 02 At such locations, the combined information on the D15-1 signs can be even more effective than separate lane-use and guide signs for conveying to unfamiliar drivers which lane or lanes to use for a particular destination. 03 Figure 2D-7 shows an

216. give road users additional information concerning communities served by the route. Guidance: 06 The control city should remain the same on all successive Distance signs throughout the length of the route until that city is reached. Option: 07 If more than one distant point may properly be designated, such as where the route divides at some distance ahead to serve two destinations of similar

217. route sign designs shall be established by the authority having jurisdiction. 02 Interstate Route signs (see Figure 2D-3 ) shall consist of a cutout shield, with the route number in white letters on a blue background, the word INTERSTATE in white upper-case letters on a red background, and a white border. This sign shall be used on all Interstate routes and in connection with

218. the Advance Guide signs. For such exits that involve the addition of an auxiliary lane that is not present at the Advance Guide sign locations, but do not involve a lane drop (see Figure 2E-12 ), a sequence of post-mounted or overhead-mounted Advance Guide signs should be used, located in accordance with the interchange classification (see Section 2E.32 ). The Exit Direction sign should

219. indicate the toll applicable to the various vehicle types. Guidance: 15 If used, the Toll Rate (R3-28) sign should be located between the toll plaza and the first advance sign informing road users of the toll plaza. 16 The R3-28 sign should not contain more than three lines of legend. Each lines that shows a toll amount should display only a single toll amount.

220. lane. The signs illustrated in Figure 2G-1 that do not have a diamond symbol shall be used with preferential lanes that are not HOV lanes, but are designated for use by other types of vehicles (such as bus and/or taxi use). Option: 19 Agencies may select from either the HOV abbreviation or the diamond symbol, or use both, to reference the HOV lane designation.

221. arrow) D5-8 2I.08 84 x 72* 120 x 102* (F) 120 x 96* (E) Rest Area Tourist Info Center Next Right D5-11 2I.08 90 x 72* 144 x 102* (F) 132 x 96* (E) Interstate Oasis D5-12 2I.04 — 156 x 78 Interstate Oasis (plaque) D5-12P 2I.04 — 114 x 48 Brake Check Area XX Miles D5-13 2I.06 84 x 48 126 x 72

222. destination sign panels (see Figure 2K-1 ). When there are multiple destinations in the same direction, they should be in order based on their distance from the intersection. Except as provided in Paragraph 5 , a straight-through sign panel should not be combined with a sign displaying left- and/or right-turn destinations. 04 The sign panels should not exceed the size necessary to accommodate two

223. be based on 1 second per word or 2 seconds per unit of information, whichever produces a lesser value. The display time for a phase should never be less than 2 seconds. The maximum cycle time of a two-phase message should be 8 seconds. The duration between the display of two phases should not exceed 0.3 seconds. No more than three units of information

224. Visibility is associated with the point where the CMS is first detected, whereas legibility is the point where the message on the CMS can be read. Environmental conditions such as rain, fog, and snow impact the visibility of changeable message signs and can reduce the available legibility distances. During these conditions, there might not be enough viewing time for drivers to read the message.

225. rain, fog, and snow impact the visibility of changeable message signs and can reduce the available legibility distances. During these conditions, there might not be enough viewing time for drivers to read the message. Guidance: 04 Changeable message signs used on roadways with speed limits of 55 mph or higher should be visible from 1/2 mile under both day and night conditions. The message

226. or Bottles * RS-101 Cultural Interest Area RS-142 Dam RS-009 Deer Viewing Area RS-011 Falling Rocks * RS-008 Fire Extinguisher * RS-090 Lighthouse RS-007 Lookout Tower RS-006 Nature Study Area RS-141 Pets

227. RS-059 Swimming RS-061 Tour Boat RS-087 Wading RS-088 Waterskiing RS-058 Whale Viewing RS-107 Wind Surfing RS-108 Winter Recreation Chair Lift/Ski Lift RS-105 Cross Country Skiing RS-046 Dog Sledding RS-143 Downhill Skiing RS-047

228. In-Line Skating RS-125 Interpretive Trail RS-114 Off-Road Vehicle Trail RS-067 Rock Collecting * RS-083 Skateboarding * RS-098 Spelunking/Caves RS-084 Technical Rock Climbing RS-081 Tennis RS-129 Wildlife Viewing RS-076 Water Recreation Beach RS-145

229. RS-137 Baby Changing Station (Women's Room) RS-138 Men's Restroom RS-021 Parking RS-034 Recreational Vehicle Site RS-104 Restrooms RS-022 Sleeping Shelter * RS-037 Trailer Site RS-040 Walk-In Camp RS-148 Women's Restroom RS-023 Services

230. * RS-037 Trailer Site RS-040 Walk-In Camp RS-148 Women's Restroom RS-023 Services Drinking Water RS-013 Electrical Hook-Up RS-150 Firewood Cutting * RS-112 First Aid RS-024 Grocery Store RS-020 Kennel RS-045 Laundromat RS-085

231. with disabilities. 06 When used, purple markings shall supplement lane line or edge line markings for toll plaza approach lanes that are restricted to use only by vehicles with registered electronic toll collection accounts. Option: 07 Colors used for official route shield signs (see Section 2D.11 ) may be used as colors of symbol markings to simulate route shields on the pavement (see Section

232. left-hand edge of the roadways of divided highways and one-way streets or ramps, or The separation of two-way left-turn lanes and reversible lanes from other lanes. 04 When used, red raised pavement markers or delineators shall delineate: Truck escape ramps, or One-way roadways, ramps, or travel lanes that shall not be entered or used in the direction from which the markers are visible. 05

233. the roadway. 03 When used, yellow markings for longitudinal lines shall delineate: The separation of traffic traveling in opposite directions, The left-hand edge of the roadways of divided highways and one-way streets or ramps, or The separation of two-way left-turn lanes and

234. line markings shall be used on all freeways and Interstate highways. Guidance: 03 Lane line markings should be used on all roadways that are intended to operate with two or more adjacent traffic lanes in the same direction of travel, except as otherwise required for reversible lanes. Lane line markings should also be used at congested locations where the roadway will accommodate more traffic

235. lane. Guidance: 04 Speed reduction markings should not be greater than 12 inches in width, and should not extend more than 18 inches into the lane. Standard: 05 Speed reduction markings shall not be used in lanes that do not have a longitudinal line (center line, edge line, or lane line) on both sides of the lane. Section 3B.23 Curb Markings Support: 01 Curb

236. shall be a series of white transverse lines on both sides of the lane that are perpendicular to the center line, edge line, or lane line. The longitudinal spacing between the markings shall be progressively reduced from the upstream to the downstream end of the marked portion of the lane. Guidance: 04 Speed reduction markings should not be greater than 12 inches in width,

237. be white, except as otherwise provided in this Section. 04 Pavement marking letters, numerals, symbols, and arrows shall be installed in accordance with the design details in the Pavement Markings chapter of the "Standard Highway Signs and Markings" book (see Section 1A.11 ). Guidance: 05 Letters and numerals should be 6 feet or more in height. 06 Word and symbol markings should not exceed

238. that each of these markings serve as the center line markings of the roadway during some period (see Figure 3B-6 ). Figure 3B-6 Example of Reversible Lane Marking Application 02 Signs (see Section 2B.26 ), lane-use control signals (see Chapter 4M ), or both shall be used to supplement reversible lane pavement markings. 03 If a two-way left-turn lane that is never operated as

239. at midblock signalized locations should be placed at least 40 feet in advance of the nearest signal indication (see Section 4D.14 ). 12 If yield or stop lines are used at a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach, the yield lines or stop lines should be placed 20 to 50 feet in advance of the nearest crosswalk line, and parking should be prohibited

240. nearest edge of the intersecting traveled way. 11 Stop lines at midblock signalized locations should be placed at least 40 feet in advance of the nearest signal indication (see Section 4D.14 ). 12 If yield or stop lines are used at a crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach, the yield lines or stop lines should be placed 20 to 50 feet in advance

241. 3B-5 . A lane-reduction transition (see Section 3B.09 ) shall be provided at each end of the buffer zone. Figure 3B-5 Example of Application of Three-Lane, Two-Way Marking for Changing Direction of the Center Lane 12 The buffer zone shall be a flush median island formed by two sets of double yellow center line markings that is at least 50 feet in length. Option:

242. of marking may be used at locations where substantial numbers of pedestrians cross without any other traffic control device, at locations where physical conditions are such that added visibility of the crosswalk is desired, or at places where a pedestrian crosswalk might not be expected. Guidance: 15 If used, the diagonal or longitudinal lines should be 12 to 24 inches wide and separated by

243. be continued through intersections or major driveways. 03 If used on the roadways of divided highways or one-way streets, or on any ramp in the direction of travel, left edge line pavement markings shall consist of a normal solid yellow line to delineate the left-hand edge of a roadway or to indicate driving or passing restrictions left of these markings. 04 If used, right

244. traffic in the adjacent travel lane. The diagonal markings shall be yellow when used on the left-hand shoulders of the roadways of divided highways and on the left-hand shoulders of one-way streets or ramps. The diagonal markings shall be white when used on right-hand shoulders. Guidance: 05 The chevrons and diagonal lines used for crosshatch markings should be at least 12 inches wide for

245. the center lane transitions from one direction to the other, a no-passing buffer zone shall be provided in the center lane as shown in Figure 3B-5 . A lane-reduction transition (see Section 3B.09 ) shall be provided at each end of the buffer zone. Figure 3B-5 Example of Application of Three-Lane, Two-Way Marking for Changing Direction of the Center Lane 12 The buffer zone

246. the offset distance in feet, and S equals the 85th-percentile speed or the posted or statutory speed limit, whichever is higher. Guidance: 05 The minimum taper length should be 100 feet in urban areas and 200 feet in rural areas. Support: 06 Examples of approach markings for obstructions in the roadway are shown in Figure 3B-15 . Standard: 07 If traffic is required to

247. R1-5c) sign, a traffic control signal, or some other traffic control device. 06 Stop lines shall consist of solid white lines extending across approach lanes to indicate the point at which the stop is intended or required to be made. 07 Yield lines (see Figure 3B-16 ) shall consist of a row of solid white isosceles triangles pointing toward approaching vehicles extending across approach

248. designated for the exclusive use of a single movement (see Figure 3B-27 ) or to supplement a preferential lane word or symbol marking (see Section 3D.01 ). Standard: 33 The ONLY word marking shall not be used in a lane that is shared by more than one movement. Guidance: 34 Where a lane-reduction transition occurs on a roadway with a speed limit of 45

249. used, they shall comply with the detailed design shown in Figure 3B-31 . Guidance: 04 If used, advance speed hump markings should be installed in each approach lane. Back to Top US DOT Home | FHWA Home | MUTCD Home | Operations Home | Privacy Policy United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration

250. the facility upon which they are applied. Option: 12 On narrow, low-speed shared-use paths, the pavement words, symbols, and arrows may be smaller than suggested, but to the relative scale. 13 Pavement markings simulating Interstate, U.S., State, and other official highway route

251. 12 to 24 inches wide and a height equal to 1.5 times the base. The space between the triangles should be 3 to 12 inches. 10 If used, stop and yield lines should be placed a minimum of 4 feet in advance of the nearest crosswalk line at controlled intersections, except for yield lines at roundabouts as provided for in Section 3C.04 and at

252. is marked on the outside portion of the traveled way, the edge line that would mark the outside edge of the bicycle lane may be omitted. 07 Edge line markings may be used where edge delineation is desirable to minimize unnecessary driving on paved shoulders or on refuge areas that have lesser structural pavement strength than the adjacent roadway. Section 3B.08 Extensions Through Intersections

253. lines on both sides of the lane that are perpendicular to the center line, edge line, or lane line. The longitudinal spacing between the markings shall be progressively reduced from the upstream to the downstream end of the marked portion of the lane. Guidance: 04 Speed reduction markings should not be greater than 12 inches in width, and should not extend more than 18

254. i. Standard: 11 On three-lane roadways where the direction of travel in the center lane transitions from one direction to the other, a no-passing buffer zone shall be provided in the center lane as shown in Figure 3B-5 . A lane-reduction transition (see Section 3B.09 ) shall be provided at each end of the buffer zone. Figure 3B-5 Example of Application of Three-Lane, Two-Way

255. line markings may be placed on other paved two-way traveled ways that are 16 feet or more in width. 13 If a traffic count is not available, the ADTs described in this Section may be estimates that are based on engineering judgment. Section 3B.02 No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings and Warrants Standard: 01 No-passing zones shall be marked by either the one direction no-passing zone

256. any ramp in the direction of travel, left edge line pavement markings shall consist of a normal solid yellow line to delineate the left-hand edge of a roadway or to indicate driving or passing restrictions left of these markings. 04 If used, right edge line pavement markings shall consist of a normal solid white line to delineate the right-hand edge of the roadway. Guidance:

257. width, and should not extend more than 18 inches into the lane. Standard: 05 Speed reduction markings shall not be used in lanes that do not have a longitudinal line (center line, edge line, or lane line) on both sides of the lane. Section 3B.23 Curb Markings Support: 01 Curb markings are most often used to indicate parking regulations or to delineate the curb.

258. on the inside of the curve (see Figure 3B-4 ). Table 3B-1. Minimum Passing Sight Distances for No-Passing Zone Markings 85th-Percentile or Posted or Statutory Speed Limit Minimum Passing Sight Distance 25 mph 400 feet 30 mph 500 feet 35 mph 550 feet 40 mph 600 feet 45

259. potential wrong-way road user (see Figure 2B-18 ). Option: 37 The wrong-way arrow markings shown in Drawing D in Figure 3B-24 may be placed near the downstream terminus of a ramp as shown in Figures 2B-18 and 2B-19 , or at other locations where lane-use arrows are not appropriate, to indicate the correct direction of traffic flow and to discourage drivers from traveling in

260. left-turn lane where engineering judgment determines that such additional markings are needed to emphasize the proper use of the lane. Standard: 30 A single-direction lane-use arrow shall not be used in a lane bordered on both sides by yellow two-way left-turn lane longitudinal markings. 31 Lane-use, lane-reduction, and

261. right-hand lane line of a three-lane roadway) between two points 3.5 feet above the pavement on a line tangent to the embankment or other obstruction that cuts off the view on the inside of the curve (see Figure 3B-4 ). Table 3B-1. Minimum Passing Sight Distances for No-Passing Zone Markings 85th-Percentile or Posted or Statutory Speed Limit Minimum Passing Sight Distance 25 mph 400

262. be used at or just downstream from the beginning of a two-way left-turn lane. Option: 29 Additional two-way left-turn lane-use arrow markings may be used at other locations along a two-way left-turn lane where engineering judgment determines that such additional markings are needed to emphasize the proper use of the lane. Standard: 30 A single-direction lane-use arrow shall not be used in a lane

263. Section 3B.21 Speed Measurement Markings Support: 01 A speed measurement marking is a transverse marking placed on the roadway to assist the enforcement of speed regulations. Standard: 02 Speed measurement markings, if used, shall be white, and shall not be greater than 24 inches in width. Option: 03 Speed measurement markings may extend 24 inches on either side of the center line or 24

264. than 12 inches in width, and should not extend more than 18 inches into the lane. Standard: 05 Speed reduction markings shall not be used in lanes that do not have a longitudinal line (center line, edge line, or lane line) on both sides of the lane. Section 3B.23 Curb Markings Support: 01 Curb markings are most often used to indicate parking regulations or

265. 04 The center line markings on two-lane, two-way roadways shall be one of the following as shown in Figure 3B-1 : Figure 3B-1 Examples of Two-Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications Two-direction passing zone markings consisting of a normal broken yellow line where crossing the center line markings for passing with care is permitted for traffic traveling in either direction;

266. Support: 06 Since yellow and white curb markings are frequently used for curb delineation and visibility, it is advisable to establish parking regulations through the installation of standard signs (see Sections 2B.46 through 2B.48 ). Standard: 07 Where curbs are marked for

267. island formed by pavement markings separating travel in opposite directions is used, two sets of solid double yellow lines shall be used to form the island as shown in Figures 3B-2 and 3B-5 . Other markings in the median island area shall also be yellow, except crosswalk markings which shall be white (see Section 3B.18 ). Section 3B.04 White Lane Line Pavement Markings and

268. be one of the following as shown in Figure 3B-1 : Figure 3B-1 Examples of Two-Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications Two-direction passing zone markings consisting of a normal broken yellow line where crossing the center line markings for passing with care is permitted

269. the solid line; or Two-direction no-passing zone markings consisting of two normal solid yellow lines where crossing the center line markings for passing is prohibited for traffic traveling in either direction. 05 A single solid yellow line shall not be used as a center line marking on a two-way roadway. 06 The center line markings on undivided two-way roadways with four or more lanes

270. lane drops, such as lane-use arrow markings and ONLY word markings. 19 Section 3B.09 contains information about the lane line markings that are to be used for transition areas where the number of through lanes is reduced. Standard: 20 Where crossing the lane line markings is discouraged, the lane line markings shall consist of a normal or wide solid white line. Option: 21 Where

271. locations on uncontrolled approaches where drivers are required by State law to yield to pedestrians. 05 Yield lines shall not be used at locations where drivers are required to stop in compliance with a STOP (R1-1) sign, a Stop Here For Pedestrians (R1-5b or R1-5c) sign, a traffic control signal, or some other traffic control device. 06 Stop lines shall consist of solid white

272. waiting vehicles (see Drawing A of Figure 3B-11 ). Option: 27 On freeways or expressways where a through lane becomes a mandatory exit lane, lane-use arrow markings may be used on the approach to the exit in the dropped lane and in an adjacent optional through-or-exit lane if one exists. Guidance: 28 A two-way left-turn lane-use arrow pavement marking, with opposing arrows spaced as

273. lane-use control signals (see Chapter 4M ), or both shall be used to supplement reversible lane pavement markings. 03 If a two-way left-turn lane that is never operated as a reversible lane is used, the lane line pavement markings on each side of the two-way left-turn lane shall consist of a normal broken yellow line and a normal solid yellow line to delineate the

274. markings consisting of two normal solid yellow lines where crossing the center line markings for passing is prohibited for traffic traveling in either direction. 05 A single solid yellow line shall not be used as a center line marking on a two-way roadway. 06 The center line markings on undivided two-way roadways with four or more lanes for moving motor vehicle traffic always available

275. for dotted edge line extensions (see Section 3B.08 ), edge line markings shall not be continued through intersections or major driveways. 03 If used on the roadways of divided highways or one-way streets, or on any ramp in the direction of travel, left edge line pavement markings shall consist of a normal solid yellow line to delineate the left-hand edge of a roadway or

276. If a buffer space is provided between the full-time counter-flow preferential lane and the opposing direction lanes, a normal width solid double yellow line shall be placed along both edges of the buffer space (see Drawing D of Figure 3D-4 ). Option: 11 Cones, tubular markers, or other channelizing devices (see Chapter 3H ) may also be used to separate the opposing lanes when

277. (S) on Curve 50 feet 20 feet 115 feet 25 feet 180 feet 35 feet 250 feet 40 feet 300 feet 50 feet 400 feet 55 feet 500 feet 65 feet 600 feet 70 feet 700 feet 75 feet 800 feet 80 feet 900 feet 85 feet 1,000

278. 85 feet 1,000 feet 90 feet Notes: Spacing for specific radii may be interpolated from table. The minimum spacing should be 20 feet. The spacing on curves should not exceed 300 feet. In advance of or beyond a curve, and proceeding away from the end of the curve, the spacing of the first delineator is 2S, the second 3S, and the third 6S, but

279. provided in Section 6F.87 for TTC zones, if the color of a transverse rumble strip used within a travel lane is not the color of the pavement, the color of the transverse rumble strip shall be either black or white. Guidance: 04 White transverse rumble strips used in a travel lane should not be placed in locations where they could be confused with other

280. Chapter 4A. General Section 4A.01 Types Support: 01 The following types and uses of highway traffic signals are discussed in Part 4 : traffic control signals; pedestrian signals; hybrid beacons; emergency-vehicle signals; traffic control signals for one-lane, two-way facilities; traffic control signals

281. 01 Since vehicular delay and the frequency of some types of crashes are sometimes greater under traffic signal control than under STOP sign control, consideration should be given to providing alternatives to traffic control signals even if one or more of the signal warrants has been satisfied.

282. Support: 01 The Intersection Near a Grade Crossing signal warrant is intended for use at a location where none of the conditions described in the other eight traffic signal warrants are met, but the proximity to the intersection of a grade crossing on an intersection approach controlled by a STOP or YIELD sign is the principal reason to consider installing a traffic control signal.

283. non-stopping approach. Standard: 03 The need for a traffic control signal shall be considered if an engineering study finds that both of the following criteria are met: A grade crossing exists on an approach controlled by a STOP or YIELD sign and the center of the track nearest to the intersection is within 140 feet of the stop line or yield line on the

284. criteria in either of the following two categories are met: If all three of the following conditions exist for the same 1 hour (any four consecutive 15-minute periods) of an average day: The total stopped time delay experienced by the traffic on one minor-street approach (one direction only) controlled by a STOP sign equals or exceeds: 4 vehicle-hours for a one-lane approach or 5

285. The volume on the same minor-street approach (one direction only) equals or exceeds 100 vehicles per hour for one moving lane of traffic or 150 vehicles per hour for two moving lanes; and The total entering volume serviced during the hour equals or exceeds 650 vehicles per hour for intersections with three approaches or 800 vehicles per hour for intersections with four or more

286. per hour on the major street (total of both approaches) and the corresponding pedestrians per hour crossing the major street (total of all crossings) falls above the curve in Figure 4C-7 . Figure 4C-5 Warrant 4, Pedestrian Four-Hour Volume Option: 03 If the posted or statutory speed limit or the 85th-percentile speed on the major street exceeds 35 mph, or if the intersection lies

287. frequency; and Five or more reported crashes, of types susceptible to correction by a traffic control signal, have occurred within a 12-month period, each crash involving personal injury or property damage apparently exceeding the applicable requirements for a reportable crash; and For each of any 8 hours of an average day, the vehicles per hour (vph) given in both of the 80 percent columns

288. by STOP or YIELD signs, and should be pedestrian-actuated. If the traffic control signal is installed at a non-intersection crossing, at least one of the signal faces should be over the traveled way for each approach, parking and other sight obstructions should be prohibited for at least 100 feet in advance of and at least 20 feet beyond the crosswalk or site accommodations should

289. control signal installed under projected conditions should have an engineering study done within 1 year of putting the signal into stop-and-go operation to determine if the signal is justified. If not justified, the signal should be taken out of stop-and-go operation or removed. 12 For signal warrant analysis, a location with a wide median, even if the median width is greater than 30 feet,

290. time. 03 The need for a traffic control signal shall be considered if an engineering study finds that the criteria in either of the following two categories are met: If all three of the following conditions exist for the same 1 hour (any four consecutive 15-minute periods) of an average day: The total stopped time delay experienced by the traffic on one minor-street approach

291. to 8 1.18 9 to 11 1.25 12 or more 1.33 07 Because the curves are based on typical vehicle occupancy, if at least 2% of the vehicles crossing the track are buses carrying at least 20 people, the vehicles per hour on the minor-street approach may be multiplied by the adjustment factor shown in Table 4C-3 for the appropriate percentage of high-occupancy buses.

292. 4C-8 Warrant 4, Pedestrian Peak Hour (70% Factor) Standard: 04 The Pedestrian Volume signal warrant shall not be applied at locations where the distance to the nearest traffic control signal or STOP sign controlling the street that pedestrians desire to cross is less than 300 feet, unless the proposed traffic control signal will not restrict the progressive movement of traffic. 05 If this warrant

293. roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. The right to proceed with the turn shall be limited to the direction indicated by the arrow and shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Pedestrians facing any flashing red signal indication at an intersection, unless otherwise directed

294. of the signal section that displays the GREEN ARROW signal indication to which it applies. 03 The relative positions of signal sections in a horizontally-arranged signal face, from left to right, shall be as follows: CIRCULAR RED Steady and/or flashing left-turn RED

295. traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication is permitted to enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street, after stopping. The right to proceed with the turn shall be subject to the

296. facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, are permitted to proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked associated crosswalk. The pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully

297. 55 mph 625 feet 60 mph 715 feet Note: Distances in this table are derived from stopping sight distance plus an assumed queue length for shorter cycle lengths (60 to 75 seconds). 05 There should be legal authority to prohibit the display of any unauthorized sign, signal, marking, or device that interferes with the effectiveness of any official traffic control device (see Section 11-205

298. having a posted or 85th-percentile speed of 45 mph or higher. Guidance: 03 Supplemental near-side signal faces should be located as near as practical to the stop line. Section 4D.15 Mounting Height of Signal Faces Standard: 01 The top of the signal housing of a vehicular signal face located over any portion of a highway that can be used by motor vehicles shall not

299. before entering the intersection. The right to proceed with the turn shall be limited to the direction indicated by the arrow and shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Pedestrians facing any flashing red signal indication at an intersection, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, are permitted to proceed

300. if there is no crosswalk, at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. The right to proceed shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing RED ARROW signal indication if

301. near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication

302. It shall be permitted to display a flashing left-turn YELLOW ARROW signal indication for a permissive left-turn movement while the signal faces for the adjacent through movement display steady CIRCULAR RED signal indications and the opposing left-turn signal faces display left-turn GREEN ARROW signal indications for a protected left-turn movement.

303. Shall be displayed only to allow vehicular movements, in the direction indicated, that are not in conflict with other vehicles moving on a green or yellow signal indication and are not in conflict with pedestrians crossing in compliance with a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) or flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication.

304. 50 mph 540 feet 55 mph 625 feet 60 mph 715 feet Note: Distances in this table are derived from stopping sight distance plus an assumed queue length for shorter cycle lengths (60 to 75 seconds). 05 There should be legal authority to prohibit the display of any

305. U-turn movement, shall yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians lawfully within an associated crosswalk, and Other vehicles lawfully within the intersection. Pedestrians facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, are permitted

306. Vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication is thereby warned that the related green movement or the related flashing arrow movement is being terminated or that a steady red signal indication will be displayed immediately thereafter when vehicular traffic shall not enter the intersection.

307. same time. Such vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left or making a U-turn movement, shall yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians lawfully within an associated crosswalk, and Other vehicles lawfully within the intersection. Pedestrians facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, unless

308. indication is permitted to enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street, after stopping. The right to proceed with the turn shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Vehicular traffic facing a steady RED ARROW signal indication shall not enter the intersection to make the movement

309. Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication is permitted to cautiously enter the intersection to proceed straight through or turn right or left or make a U-turn except as such movement is modified by lane-use signs, turn prohibition signs, lane markings, roadway design, separate turn signal indications, or other traffic control devices.

310. turning right or left or making a U-turn movement, shall yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians lawfully within an associated crosswalk, and Other vehicles lawfully within the intersection. Pedestrians facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication

311. turning movement and if one or both of the separate turn signal faces are located over the roadway, the signal faces shall be located not less than 8 feet apart measured horizontally perpendicular to the approach between the centers of the signal faces. Guidance: 05 If a signal face controls a specific lane or lanes of an approach, its position should make it readily

312. to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street, after stopping. The right to proceed with the turn shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Vehicular traffic facing a steady RED ARROW signal indication shall not enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering

313. offset left-turn lanes, but only when an engineering study determines that each and every vehicle must successively come to a full stop before making a permissive left turn. Standard: 05 If a separate left-turn signal face is being operated in a permissive only left-turn mode and a flashing left-turn RED ARROW signal indication is provided, it shall meet the following requirements (see Figure 4D-8

314. steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication, unless entering the intersection to make another movement permitted by another signal indication, shall stop at a clearly marked stop line; but if there is no stop line, traffic shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a

315. arrow and shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, pedestrians facing a steady CIRCULAR RED or steady RED ARROW signal indication shall not enter the roadway. A flashing green signal indication has no meaning and shall not be used. Flashing yellow signal indications

316. to make the movement indicated by the arrow signal indication, after stopping. The right to proceed with the turn shall be limited to the direction indicated by the arrow and shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, pedestrians facing a steady CIRCULAR RED

317. mph 625 feet 60 mph 715 feet Note: Distances in this table are derived from stopping sight distance plus an assumed queue length for shorter cycle lengths (60 to 75 seconds). 05 There should be legal authority to prohibit the display of any unauthorized sign, signal, marking, or device that interferes with the effectiveness of any official traffic control device (see Section 11-205 of

318. Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing CIRCULAR RED signal indication shall stop at a clearly marked stop line; but if there is no stop line, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on

319. Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing YELLOW ARROW signal indication, displayed alone or in combination with another signal indication, is permitted to cautiously enter the intersection only to make the movement indicated by such arrow, or other such movement as is permitted by other signal indications displayed at the same time.

320. within this range. Table 4D-2. Minimum Sight Distance for Signal Visibility 85th-Percentile Speed Minimum Sight Distance 20 mph 175 feet 25 mph 215 feet 30 mph 270 feet 35 mph 325 feet 40 mph 390 feet 45 mph 460 feet 50 mph 540 feet 55 mph 625 feet

321. there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication is permitted to enter the intersection to

322. the large factory is shut down for an annual factory vacation for a few weeks in the summer. Standard: 05 A traffic control signal shall control traffic only at the intersection or midblock location where the signal faces are placed. 06 Midblock crosswalks shall not be signalized if they are located within 300 feet from the nearest traffic control signal, unless the proposed traffic

323. U-turn movement except as such movement is modified by lane-use signs, turn prohibition signs, lane markings, roadway design, separate turn signal indications, or other traffic control devices. Such vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left or making a U-turn movement, shall

324. Pedestrians facing any flashing yellow signal indication at an intersection, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, are permitted to proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked associated crosswalk. Pedestrians shall yield the right-of-way

325. signal indications and the opposing left-turn signal faces display left-turn GREEN ARROW signal indications for a protected left-turn movement. During steady mode (stop-and-go) operation, the signal section that displays the steady left-turn YELLOW ARROW signal indication during change intervals shall not be

326. any official traffic control device (see Section 11-205 of the "Uniform Vehicle Code"). 06 At signalized midblock crosswalks, at least one of the signal faces should be over the traveled way for each approach. Standard: 07 If approaching traffic does not have a continuous view of at least two signal faces for at least the minimum sight distance shown in Table 4D-2 , a

327. the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication is permitted to enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from

328. signal indications shall have the following meanings: Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing CIRCULAR RED signal indication shall stop at a clearly marked stop line; but if there is no stop line, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver

329. Vehicular traffic facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication is permitted to proceed straight through or turn right or left or make a U-turn movement except as such movement is modified by lane-use signs, turn prohibition signs, lane markings, roadway design, separate turn signal indications, or other traffic control devices.

330. signal face, either alone or in combination with any other signal indication. 10 The following combinations of signal indications shall not be simultaneously displayed on any one signal face: CIRCULAR RED with CIRCULAR YELLOW; CIRCULAR GREEN with CIRCULAR RED; or Straight-through GREEN ARROW with CIRCULAR RED; 11 Additionally,

331. ARROW signal indication is displayed. Pedestrians facing a steady CIRCULAR YELLOW or YELLOW ARROW signal indication, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device shall not start to cross the roadway. Steady red signal indications shall have

332. at night. Section 4D.13 Lateral Positioning of Signal Faces Standard: 01 At least one and preferably both of the minimum of two primary signal faces required for the through movement (or the major turning movement if there is no through movement) on the approach shall be located between two lines intersecting with the center of the approach at a point 10 feet behind the

333. not be positioned any further to the right than the extension of the right-hand edge of the exclusive turn lane or any further to the left than the extension of the left-hand edge of the exclusive turn lane. 08 Supplemental turn signal faces mounted over the roadway shall not be subject to the positioning requirements in the previous paragraph. Guidance: 09 For new or

334. design, separate turn signal indications, or other traffic control devices. Such vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left or making a U-turn, shall yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians lawfully within an associated crosswalk, and Other vehicles lawfully within the intersection. In

335. A steady CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication shall be displayed only when it is intended to permit traffic to proceed in any direction that is lawful and practical. A steady RED ARROW signal indication shall be displayed when it is intended to prohibit traffic, except pedestrians directed by a pedestrian signal head, from entering the intersection or other controlled area to make the indicated turn.

336. as follows: Permissive Only Mode—turns made on a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, a flashing left-turn YELLOW ARROW signal indication, or a flashing left-turn RED ARROW signal indication after yielding to pedestrians, if any, and/or opposing traffic, if any. Protected Only Mode—turns made

337. traffic control signal faces enables road users who are color vision deficient to identify the illuminated color by its position relative to other signal sections. Standard: 02 Unless otherwise provided in this Manual for a particular application, each signal face at a signalized location shall have three, four,

338. stop line; but if there is no stop line, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. The right to proceed shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a

339. modified by lane-use signs, turn prohibition signs, lane markings, roadway design, separate turn signal indications, or other traffic control devices. Such vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left or making a U-turn movement, shall yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians lawfully within

340. for vehicles and pedestrians: Steady green signal indications shall have the following meanings: Vehicular traffic facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication is permitted to proceed straight through or turn right or left or make a U-turn movement except as such movement is

341. from a one-way street into a one-way street, after stopping. The right to proceed with the turn shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Vehicular traffic facing a steady RED ARROW signal indication shall not enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering the intersection to make another movement permitted

342. a clearly marked stop line; but if there is no stop line, traffic shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a

343. drivers of these high-speed vehicles find it difficult to decide whether to stop or proceed. Standard: 03 When a traffic control signal is not in operation, such as before it is placed in service, during seasonal shutdowns, or when it is not desirable to operate the traffic control signal, the signal faces shall be covered, turned, or taken down to clearly indicate that the

344. permitted by another signal indication, shall stop at a clearly marked stop line; but if there is no stop line, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication or other traffic control device permitting the movement indicated by such RED ARROW is

345. left-turn signal face of a U-TURN YIELD TO RIGHT TURN (R10-16) sign (see Section 2B.53 ). 05 If not otherwise prohibited, a steady straight-through green arrow signal indication may be used instead of a circular green signal indication in a signal face on an approach intersecting a one-way street to discourage wrong-way turns. 06 If not otherwise prohibited, steady red, yellow, and green turn

346. (see Sections 4D.17 through 4D.20) and primary right-turn signal faces (see Sections 4D.21 through 4D.24 ), and at least one and preferably both of the minimum of two primary signal faces required for the through movement (or the major turning movement if there is no through movement) on the approach shall be located: No less than 40 feet beyond the stop line, No more

347. of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. The right to proceed with the turn shall be limited to the direction indicated by the arrow and shall be subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a STOP sign. Pedestrians facing any flashing red signal indication at an intersection, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other

348. 4D.24 ). A steady CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication: Shall be displayed following a CIRCULAR GREEN or straight-through GREEN ARROW signal indication in the same signal face. Shall not be displayed in conjunction with the change from the CIRCULAR RED signal indication to

349. be considered in conflict if, for each turn lane with moving traffic, there is a separate departing lane, and pavement markings or raised channelization clearly indicate which departure lane to use. Shall not be required on the stem of a T-intersection or for turns from a one-way street. Option: 04 If U-turns are permitted from the approach and a right-turn GREEN ARROW signal indication

350. lanes, but only when an engineering study determines that each and every vehicle must successively come to a full stop before making a permissive left turn. Standard: 05 If a separate left-turn signal face is being operated in a permissive only left-turn mode and a flashing left-turn RED ARROW signal indication is provided, it shall meet the following requirements (see Figure 4D-8 ): It

351. within any marked or unmarked associated crosswalk. The pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully within the intersection or so close as to create an immediate hazard at the time that the green signal indication is first displayed. Pedestrians facing a GREEN ARROW signal indication, unless otherwise

352. remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication is permitted to enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into

353. there is no stop line, traffic shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection; or if there is no crosswalk, then before entering the intersection; and shall remain stopped until a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED

354. A flashing green signal indication has no meaning and shall not be used. Flashing yellow signal indications shall have the following meanings: Vehicular traffic, on an approach to an intersection, facing a flashing CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication is permitted to cautiously enter the intersection to proceed straight through

355. at any given time. The GREEN ARROW indication is required in order to provide a three-section signal face, but shall not be displayed during the permissive only mode. During the permissive left-turn movement, a flashing left-turn RED ARROW signal indication shall be displayed, thus indicating that each and every vehicle must successively come to a full stop before making a permissive left turn. A

356. making a U-turn may be advised of the operation by the installation near the left-turn signal face of a U-TURN YIELD TO RIGHT TURN (R10-16) sign (see Section 2B.53 ). 05 If not otherwise prohibited, a steady straight-through green arrow signal indication may be used instead of a circular green signal indication in a signal face on an approach intersecting a one-way street to

357. range of continuous visibility should be provided unless precluded by a physical obstruction or unless another signalized location is within this range. Table 4D-2. Minimum Sight Distance for Signal Visibility 85th-Percentile Speed Minimum Sight Distance 20 mph 175 feet 25 mph 215

358. a signal indication to proceed is displayed, or as provided below. Except when a traffic control device is in place prohibiting a turn on red or a steady RED ARROW signal indication is displayed, vehicular traffic facing a steady CIRCULAR RED signal indication is permitted to enter the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street,

359. control device, are permitted to proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked associated crosswalk. Pedestrians shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully within the intersection at the time that the flashing yellow signal indication is first displayed. When a flashing

360. Other vehicles lawfully within the intersection. Pedestrians facing a CIRCULAR GREEN signal indication, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian signal indication or other traffic control device, are permitted to proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked associated crosswalk. The pedestrian

361. pedestrian hybrid beacons and Chapter 4N contains information regarding the use of In-Roadway Warning Lights at unsignalized marked crosswalks. Section 4E.02 Meaning of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications Standard: 01 Pedestrian signal head indications shall have the following meanings: A steady WALKING PERSON

362. found in the "Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG)" (see Section 1A.11 ). Standard: 13 At accessible pedestrian signal locations where pedestrian pushbuttons are used, each pushbutton shall activate both the walk interval and the accessible pedestrian

363. phases, such that it might be unclear which crosswalk is served by each audible tone. At intersections where a diagonal pedestrian crossing is allowed, or where one street receives a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication simultaneously with another street. Option: 12

364. the far end of the crosswalk that the pedestrian signal head indications control. 06 For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 6 inches high. 07 The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. The displayed period

365. the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication is first shown. A flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the

366. WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication has no meaning and shall not be used. Section 4E.03 Application of Pedestrian Signal Heads Standard: 01 Pedestrian signal heads shall be used in conjunction with vehicular traffic control signals under any of the following conditions:

367. should be timed to allow pedestrians to cross at least one lane of traffic or, in the case of a large corner radius, to travel far enough for pedestrians to establish their position ahead of the turning traffic before the turning traffic is released. 23 If a leading pedestrian interval is used, consideration should be given to prohibiting turns across the crosswalk during the

368. (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control

369. symbols shall not be readily visible to pedestrians at the far end of the crosswalk that the pedestrian signal head indications control. 06 For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 6 inches high. 07 The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or

370. indications control. 06 For pedestrian signal head indications, the symbols shall be at least 6 inches high. 07 The light source of a flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication shall be flashed continuously at a rate of not less than 50 or more than 60 times per minute. The displayed period of each flash shall be a minimum of 1/2 and a

371. time to provide turning drivers additional green time to make their turns while the pedestrian signal head is displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication after pedestrians have had time to complete their crossings. Section 4E.07 Countdown Pedestrian Signals

372. a pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median

373. 5 feet from said crosswalk line; Between 1.5 and 6 feet from the edge of the curb, shoulder, or pavement; With the face of the pushbutton parallel to the crosswalk to be used; and At a mounting height of approximately 3.5 feet, but no more than 4 feet, above the sidewalk. Figure 4E-3 Pushbutton Location Area 05 Where there are physical constraints that make

374. be used under any of the following conditions: If it is necessary to assist pedestrians in deciding when to begin crossing the roadway in the chosen direction or if engineering judgment determines that pedestrian signal heads are justified to minimize vehicle-pedestrian conflicts; If pedestrians are permitted to cross a portion of a street, such as to or from a median of sufficient width for

375. the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to

376. to start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, possibly in conflict with turning vehicles. The pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully within the intersection at the time that the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication

377. are separated by a distance of at least 10 feet, the audible walk indication shall be a percussive tone. Where two accessible pedestrian signals on one corner are not separated by a distance of at least 10 feet, the audible walk indication shall be a speech walk message. 08 Audible tone walk indications shall repeat at eight to ten ticks per second. Audible tones

378. signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to some other island or pedestrian refuge area.

379. any additional feature(s). 03 If additional crossing time is provided by means of an extended pushbutton press, a PUSH BUTTON FOR 2 SECONDS FOR EXTRA CROSSING TIME (R10-32P) plaque (see Figure 2B-26 ) shall be mounted adjacent to or integral with the pedestrian pushbutton. Support: 04 Audible beaconing is the use of an audible signal in such a way that pedestrians with visual disabilities

380. Meaning of Pedestrian Signal Head Indications Standard: 01 Pedestrian signal head indications shall have the following meanings: A steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian facing the signal indication is permitted to start to cross the roadway in

381. signal phasing require more than two pedestrian phases, such that it might be unclear which crosswalk is served by each audible tone. At intersections where a diagonal pedestrian crossing is allowed, or where one street receives a WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal

382. associated vehicular signal phase intervals. Figure 4E-2 Pedestrian Intervals Guidance: 07 Except as provided in Paragraph 8 , the pedestrian clearance time should be sufficient to allow a pedestrian crossing in the crosswalk who left the curb or shoulder at the end of the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication to travel at a walking speed of 3.5 feet per second to at least

383. during the time that the WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication is displayed. Standard: 12 If used, the animated eyes symbol shall consist of an outline of a pair of white steadily-illuminated eyes with white eyeballs that scan from side to side at a rate of approximately once per second. The animated eyes symbol shall be at least 12 inches wide with each eye

384. meanings: A steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian facing the signal indication is permitted to start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, possibly in conflict with turning vehicles. The pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to vehicles lawfully within

385. is first shown. A flashing UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal indication, but that any pedestrian who has already started to cross on a steady WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway,

386. walk indication, and any additional feature(s). 03 If additional crossing time is provided by means of an extended pushbutton press, a PUSH BUTTON FOR 2 SECONDS FOR EXTRA CROSSING TIME (R10-32P) plaque (see Figure 2B-26 ) shall be mounted adjacent to or integral with the pedestrian pushbutton. Support: 04 Audible beaconing is the use of an audible signal in such a way that pedestrians

387. be able to provide a wide range of advice. The U.S. Access Board (www.access-board.gov) provides technical assistance for making pedestrian signal information available to persons with visual disabilities (see Page i for the address for the U.S. Access Board). Standard: 06 When used, accessible pedestrian signals shall be

388. set to extend beyond the pedestrian clearance time to provide turning drivers additional green time to make their turns while the pedestrian signal head is displaying a steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication after pedestrians have had time to complete

389. heads are justified to minimize vehicle-pedestrian conflicts; If pedestrians are permitted to cross a portion of a street, such as to or from a median of sufficient width for pedestrians to wait, during a particular interval but are not permitted to cross the remainder of the street during any part of the same interval; and/or If no vehicular signal indications are visible to pedestrians,

390. highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to some other island or pedestrian refuge area. A steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not enter the roadway in the direction of the signal indication. A flashing WALKING PERSON (symbolizing WALK) signal indication has no

391. shall proceed to the far side of the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to some other island or pedestrian refuge area. A steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not enter the roadway in the direction

392. the traveled way of the street or highway, unless otherwise directed by a traffic control device to proceed only to the median of a divided highway or only to some other island or pedestrian refuge area. A steady UPRAISED HAND (symbolizing DONT WALK) signal indication means that a pedestrian shall not enter the roadway in the direction of the signal indication. A flashing WALKING

393. placed in a dark mode (no indications displayed) during periods between actuations. 06 Upon actuation by authorized emergency personnel, the emergency-vehicle hybrid beacon faces shall each display a flashing yellow signal indication, followed by a steady yellow change interval, prior to displaying two CIRCULAR RED signal indications in

394. practicality, traffic should not be halted on a section of the bridge or causeway that is subject to impact. 22 In cases where it is not practical to halt traffic on a span that is not subject to impact, traffic should be halted at least one span from the opening. If traffic is halted by signals and gates more than 330 feet from the

395. of the same traffic lane, as shown in Figure 6C-2 . Figure 6C-2 Types of Tapers and Buffer Spaces 11 If a longitudinal buffer space is used, the values shown in Table 6C-2 may be used to determine the length of the longitudinal buffer space. Table 6C-2. Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of Speed Speed* Distance 20 mph 115 feet 25 mph 155

396. reduction in the regulatory speed limit of only up to 10 mph from the normal speed limit has been shown to be more effective. Section 6C.02 Temporary Traffic Control Zones Support: 01 A TTC zone is an area of a highway where road user conditions are changed because of a work zone, an incident zone, or a planned special event through the use of

397. Control Zones Support: 01 A TTC zone is an area of a highway where road user conditions are changed because of a work zone, an incident zone, or a planned special event through the use of TTC devices, uniformed law enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel. 02 A work zone is an area of a highway with construction, maintenance, or utility work activities. A

398. lessen the potential for increased crashes. A reduction in the regulatory speed limit of only up to 10 mph from the normal speed limit has been shown to be more effective. Section 6C.02 Temporary Traffic Control Zones Support: 01 A TTC zone is an area of a highway where road user conditions are changed because of a work zone, an incident zone, or a

399. sign is placed in a closed lane in advance of a work space, only the area upstream of the vehicle, arrow board, or changeable message sign constitutes the buffer space. Option: 14 The lateral buffer space may be used to separate the traffic space from the work space, as shown in Figures 6C-1 and 6C-2 , or such areas as excavations or pavement-edge drop-offs.

400. The PILOT CAR FOLLOW ME (G20-4) sign (see Section 6F.58 ) shall be mounted on the rear of the pilot vehicle. 04 A flagger shall be stationed on the approach to the activity area to control vehicular traffic until the pilot vehicle is available. Section 6C.14 Temporary Traffic Control Signal Method of One-Lane, Two-Way Traffic Control Option: 01 Traffic control signals may be used

401. highway where road users are returned to their normal driving path. The termination area extends from the downstream end of the work area to the last TTC device such as END ROAD WORK signs, if posted. Option: 02 An END ROAD WORK sign, a Speed Limit sign, or other signs may be used to inform road users that they can resume normal operations. 03

402. The transition area is that section of highway where road users are redirected out of their normal path. Transition areas usually involve strategic use of tapers, which because of their importance are discussed separately in detail. Standard: 02 When redirection of the road users' normal path is required, they shall be directed from the normal path to a new path. Option: 03 Because it

403. Transition Area Support: 01 The transition area is that section of highway where road users are redirected out of their normal path. Transition areas usually involve strategic use of tapers, which because of their importance are discussed separately in detail. Standard: 02 When redirection of the road users' normal path is required, they shall be directed from the normal path to a new path.

404. One-Lane, Two-Way Traffic Control Support: 01 The driver of the last vehicle proceeding into the one-lane section is given a red flag (or other token) and instructed to deliver it to the flagger at the other end. The opposite flagger, upon receipt of the flag, then knows that traffic can be permitted to move in the other direction. A variation of this method is

405. within a buffer space. Option: 08 Buffer spaces may be positioned either longitudinally or laterally with respect to the direction of road user flow. The activity area may contain one or more lateral or longitudinal buffer spaces. 09 A longitudinal buffer space may be placed in advance of a work space. 10 The longitudinal buffer space may also be used to separate opposing road

406. If traffic on the affected one-lane roadway is not visible from one end to the other, then flagging procedures, a pilot car with a flagger used as described in Section 6C.13 , or a traffic control signal should be used to control opposing traffic flows. Option: 05 If the work space on a low-volume street or road is short and road users from both

407. to return to the original highway. Support: 03 A diversion is a temporary rerouting of road users onto a temporary highway or alignment placed around the work area. Section 6C.10 One-Lane, Two-Way Traffic Control Standard: 01 Except as provided in Paragraph 5, when traffic in both directions must use a single lane for a limited distance, movements from each end shall be coordinated. Guidance:

408. zone when drivers are able to see the other end of the one-lane, two-way operation and have sufficient visibility of approaching vehicles. Guidance: 02 If the STOP or YIELD sign is installed for only one direction, then the STOP or YIELD sign should face road users who are driving on the side of the roadway that is closed for the work activity area. Back

409. car with a flagger used as described in Section 6C.13 , or a traffic control signal should be used to control opposing traffic flows. Option: 05 If the work space on a low-volume street or road is short and road users from both directions are able to see the traffic approaching from the opposite direction through and beyond the worksite, the movement of traffic

410. 45 mph 360 feet 50 mph 425 feet 55 mph 495 feet 60 mph 570 feet 65 mph 645 feet 70 mph 730 feet 75 mph 820 feet * Posted speed, off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior to work starting, or the anticipated operating

411. mph 250 feet 40 mph 305 feet 45 mph 360 feet 50 mph 425 feet 55 mph 495 feet 60 mph 570 feet 65 mph 645 feet 70 mph 730 feet 75 mph 820 feet * Posted speed, off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior

412. in shape and each shall be at least 24 x 30 inches in size with letters at least 6 inches high. 15 To inform road users to stop, the AFAD shall display the STOP face and the red or white lights, if used, within the STOP face shall flash or the Stop Beacon shall flash. To inform road users to proceed, the AFAD shall

413. Flagger Assistance Devices Support: 01 Automated Flagger Assistance Devices (AFADs) enable a flagger(s) to be positioned out of the lane of traffic and are used to control road users through temporary traffic control zones. These devices are designed to be remotely operated either by a single flagger at one end of the TTC zone or at a central location, or by separate flaggers near

414. body. Option: 04 To further alert or slow traffic, the flagger holding the SLOW paddle face toward road users may motion up and down with the free hand, palm down. Standard: 05 The following methods of signaling with a flag shall be used: To stop road users, the flagger shall face road users and extend the flag staff horizontally across the road users' lane

415. shall flash or the Warning Beacon or the Type B warning lights shall flash. 16 If STOP/SLOW AFADs are used to control traffic in a one-lane, two-way TTC zone, safeguards shall be incorporated to prevent the flagger(s) from simultaneously displaying the SLOW face at each end of the TTC zone. Additionally, the flagger(s) shall not display the AFAD's SLOW face until all oncoming vehicles

416. such as the following: Conditions applicable for the use of Method 1 and Method 2 AFAD operation, Volume criteria, Maximum distance between AFADs, Conflicting lenses/indications monitoring requirements, Fail safe procedures, Additional signing and pavement markings, Application consistency, Larger signs or lenses to increase visibility, and Use of backplates.

417. height as short as 10 inches may be used. Shorter letter sizes may also be used on a portable changeable message sign used on low speed facilities provided that the message is legible from at least 650 feet. 16 The portable changeable message sign may vary in size. Guidance: 17 Messages on a portable changeable message sign should consist of no more than two

418. R11-4 sign where applicable. Section 6F.10 Weight Limit Signs (R12-1, R12-2, R12-5) Standard: 01 A Weight Limit sign (see Figure 6F-3 ), which shows the gross weight or axle weight that is permitted on the roadway or bridge, shall be consistent with State or local regulations and shall not be installed without the approval of the authority having jurisdiction over the highway. 02 When

419. 06 Traffic control devices shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel (see definition in Section 1A.13 ), pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.

420. on specific devices. The website also contains an "Ask the Experts" section where questions on roadside design issues can be addressed. 03 Various Sections of the MUTCD require certain traffic control devices, their supports, and/or related appurtenances to be crashworthy. Such MUTCD

421. of the near edge of the roadway, of an arrow board should be 7 feet , except on vehicle-mounted arrow boards, which should be as high as practical. 10 A vehicle-mounted arrow board should be provided with remote controls. Standard: 11 Arrow board elements shall be capable of at least a 50 percent dimming from full brilliance. The dimmed mode shall be used for

422. on portable sign supports that do not meet the minimum mounting heights provided in Paragraphs 4 through 6 for longer than 3 days. Support: 13 Methods of mounting signs other than on posts are illustrated in Figure 6F-2 . Figure 6F-2 Methods of Mounting Signs Other Than on Posts Guidance: 14 Signs mounted on Type 3 Barricades should not cover more than 50 percent

423. Methods of mounting signs other than on posts are illustrated in Figure 6F-2 . Figure 6F-2 Methods of Mounting Signs Other Than on Posts Guidance: 14 Signs mounted on Type 3 Barricades should not cover more than 50 percent of the top two rails or 33 percent of the total area of the three rails. Standard: 15 Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large

424. board to the roadway below it or to the elevation of the near edge of the roadway, of an arrow board should be 7 feet , except on vehicle-mounted arrow boards, which should be as high as practical. 10 A vehicle-mounted arrow board should be provided with remote controls. Standard: 11 Arrow board elements shall be capable of at least a 50 percent dimming

425. more than 50 percent of the top two rails or 33 percent of the total area of the three rails. Standard: 15 Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet. 16 The bottom of

426. the lowest point of the flag material shall be not less than 8 feet. The flag shall be 16 inches square or larger and shall be orange or fluorescent red-orange in color. Option: 04 An appropriate warning sign may be mounted below the flags. Support: 05 High-level warning devices are most commonly used in high-density road user situations to warn road users of short-term

427. recognition of the merging taper. Standard: 13 When used, the successive flashing of the sequential warning lights shall occur from the upstream end of the merging taper to the downstream end of the merging taper in order to identify the desired vehicle path. Each warning light in the sequence shall be flashed at a rate of not less than 55 nor more than 75

428. Standard: 15 Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet. 16 The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way.

429. area of the three rails. Standard: 15 Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet. 16 The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1

430. two adjacent lanes are closed, the W20-5a sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) shall have the legend 2 RIGHT (LEFT) LANES CLOSED, XX FEET, XX MILES, or AHEAD. Section 6F.23 CENTER LANE CLOSED AHEAD Sign (W9-3) Guidance: 01 The CENTER LANE CLOSED AHEAD (W9-3) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) should be used in advance of that point where work occupies the center lane(s) and approaching

431. the activity in a TTC zone, a marked detour shall be provided for vehicles weighing more than the posted limit. Section 6F.11 STAY IN LANE Sign (R4-9) Option: 01 A STAY IN LANE (R4-9) sign (see Figure 6F-3 ) may be used where a multi-lane shift has been incorporated as part of the TTC on a highway to direct road users around road work

432. users. Standard: 02 The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED sign shall have the legend ROAD (STREET) CLOSED, XX FEET, XX MILES, or AHEAD. Section 6F.21 ONE LANE ROAD Sign (W20-4) Standard: 01 The ONE LANE ROAD (W20-4) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) shall be used only in advance of that point where motor vehicle traffic in both directions must use a common single lane (see Section

433. SHOULDER CLOSED (W21-5a), or RIGHT (LEFT) SHOULDER CLOSED XX FT or AHEAD (W21-5b). Option: 03 The Shoulder Work sign may be used in advance of the point on a non-limited access highway where there is shoulder work. It may be used singly or in combination with a ROAD WORK NEXT XX MILES or ROAD WORK AHEAD sign. Guidance: 04 On freeways and expressways, the

434. approaching motor vehicle traffic is directed to the right or left of the work zone in the center lane. Section 6F.24 Lane Ends Sign (W4-2) Option: 01 The Lane Ends (W4-2) symbol sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) may be used to warn drivers of the reduction in the number of lanes for moving motor vehicle traffic in the direction of travel on a multi-lane

435. crosswalk is established, it shall be accessible to pedestrians with disabilities in accordance with Section 6D.02 . Section 6F.14 SIDEWALK CLOSED Signs (R9-9, R9-10, R9-11, R9-11a) Guidance: 01 SIDEWALK CLOSED signs (see Figure 6F-3 ) should be used where pedestrian flow is restricted. Bicycle/Pedestrian Detour (M4-9a) signs or

436. shall have the following three mode selections: A Flashing Arrow, Sequential Arrow, or Sequential Chevron mode; A flashing Double Arrow mode; and A flashing Caution or Alternating Diamond mode. 17 An arrow board in the arrow or chevron mode shall be used only for stationary or moving lane closures on multi-lane roadways. 18 For shoulder work, blocking the shoulder, for roadside work near the

437. sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way. Option: 17 For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving along with it. Support: 18 If alterations are made to specific traffic control device supports that

438. lane at the upstream end of the second merging taper (see Figure 6H-37 ). When the first arrow board is placed in the first closed lane, the second arrow board should be placed in the second closed lane at the downstream end of the second merging taper. 23 For mobile operations where a lane is closed, the arrow board should be located to provide

439. (see Figure 6F-3 ) should be installed at the downstream end of the work zone. Option: 03 Alternate legends such as BEGIN (or END) DOUBLE FINES ZONE may also be used for the R2-10 and R2-11 signs. 04 A FINES HIGHER, FINES DOUBLE, or $XX FINE plaque (see Section 2B.17 and Figure 6F-3 ) may be mounted below the Speed Limit sign if increased

440. highway to direct road users around road work that occupies part of the roadway on a multi-lane highway. Section 6F.12 Work Zone and Higher Fines Signs and Plaques Option: 01 A WORK ZONE (G20-5aP) plaque (see Figure 6F-3 ) may be mounted above a Speed Limit sign to emphasize that a reduced speed limit is in effect within a TTC zone. An END WORK

441. advance warning sign encountered by road users. Support: 03 Various conditions, such as limited sight distance or obstructions that might require a driver to reduce speed or stop, might require additional advance warning signs. Option: 04 As an alternative to a specific distance on advance warning signs, the word AHEAD may be used. Support: 05 At TTC zones on lightly-traveled roads, all of the

442. temporary markings. Section 6F.48 Reverse Curve Signs (W1-4 Series) Guidance: 01 In order to give road users advance notice of a lane shift, a Reverse Curve (W1-4, W1-4b, or W1-4c) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) should be used when a lane (or lanes) is being shifted to the left or right. If the design speed of the curves is 30 mph or less, a

443. 65 Tubular Markers Standard: 01 Tubular markers (see Figure 6F-7 ) shall be predominantly orange and shall be not less than 18 inches high and 2 inches wide facing road users.

444. 6F.14 24 x 12 — — Sidewalk Closed Ahead, Cross Here R9-11 6F.14 24 x 18 — — Sidewalk Closed, Cross Here R9-11a 6F.14 24 x 12 — — Road Closed R11-2 6F.08 48 x 30 — — Road Closed - Local Traffic Only R11-3a,3b,4 6F.09 60 x

445. with information to help them along their way through the TTC zone. The design of guide signs is presented in Part 2. Guidance: 02 The following guide signs should be used in TTC zones as needed: Standard route markings, where temporary route changes are necessary, Directional signs and street name signs, and Special guide signs relating to the condition or work being done. Standard:

446. used in TTC zones should consider the needs of all road users (motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians), including those with disabilities. Support: 02 FHWA policy requires that all roadside appurtenances such as traffic barriers, barrier terminals and crash cushions, bridge railings, sign and light pole supports, and work zone

447. Speed Plaque (W13-1P) Option: 01 In combination with a warning sign, an Advisory Speed (W13-1P) plaque (see Figure 6F-4 ) may be used to indicate a recommended speed through the TTC zone. Standard: 02 The Advisory Speed plaque shall not be used in conjunction with any sign other than a warning sign, nor shall it be used alone. When used with orange TTC zone

448. advance of that point where work occupies the center lane(s) and approaching motor vehicle traffic is directed to the right or left of the work zone in the center lane. Section 6F.24 Lane Ends Sign (W4-2) Option: 01 The Lane Ends (W4-2) symbol sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) may be used to warn drivers of the reduction in the number of lanes for moving

449. they shall not block the sign face. 09 Except as provided in Section 2A.11 , the sizes for TTC signs and plaques shall be as shown in Table 6F-1 . The sizes in the minimum column shall only be used on local streets or roadways where the 85th-percentile speed or posted speed limit is less than 35 mph. Table 6F-1. Temporary Traffic Control Zone

450. 01 The Double Reverse Curve (W24-1, W24-1a, or W24-1b) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) may be used where the tangent distance between two reverse curves is less than 600 feet, thus making it difficult for a second Reverse Curve (W1-4 series) sign to be placed between the curves. If the design speed of the curves is 30 mph or less, Double Reverse Turn signs should be used.

451. Guidance: 20 When a message is divided into two phases, the display time for each phase should be at least 2 seconds, and the sum of the display times for both of the phases should be a maximum of 8 seconds. 21 All messages should be designed with consideration given to the principles provided in this Section and also taking into account the following:

452. damage to the impacting vehicle. For daytime and low-speed roadways, cones shall be not less than 18 inches in height. When cones are used on freeways and other high-speed highways or at night on all highways, or when more conspicuous guidance is needed, cones shall be a minimum of 28 inches in height. 02 For nighttime use, cones shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with

453. than on posts are illustrated in Figure 6F-2 . Figure 6F-2 Methods of Mounting Signs Other Than on Posts Guidance: 14 Signs mounted on Type 3 Barricades should not cover more than 50 percent of the top two rails or 33 percent of the total area of the three rails. Standard: 15 Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large signs having an area exceeding

454. the back of a warning sign facing the opposite direction of road users or on the back of a Type 3 Barricade. Section 6F.58 PILOT CAR FOLLOW ME Sign (G20-4) Standard: 01 The PILOT CAR FOLLOW ME (G20-4) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) shall be mounted in a conspicuous position on the rear of a vehicle used for guiding one-way vehicular traffic through or

455. that is 8 to 12 inches in width and at least 24 inches in height. They shall have alternating diagonal orange and white retroreflective stripes sloping downward at an angle of 45 degrees in the direction vehicular traffic is to pass. 02 Where the height of the retroreflective material on the vertical panel is 36 inches or more, a stripe width of 6 inches

456. roadway, an arrow board shall be used only in the caution mode. Guidance: 19 For a stationary lane closure, the arrow board should be located on the shoulder at the beginning of the merging taper. 20 Where the shoulder is narrow, the arrow board should be located in the closed lane. Standard: 21 When arrow boards are used to close multiple lanes, a separate

457. authority having jurisdiction over the highway. 02 When weight restrictions are imposed because of the activity in a TTC zone, a marked detour shall be provided for vehicles weighing more than the posted limit. Section 6F.11 STAY IN LANE Sign (R4-9) Option: 01 A STAY IN LANE (R4-9) sign (see Figure 6F-3 ) may be used where a multi-lane shift has been incorporated as

458. other appropriate signs for mobile operations to warn of slow moving work vehicles. A ROAD WORK (W20-1) sign may also be used with the SLOW TRAFFIC AHEAD sign. Section 6F.28 EXIT OPEN and EXIT CLOSED Signs (E5-2, E5-2a) Option: 01 An EXIT OPEN (E5-2) or EXIT CLOSED (E5-2a) sign (see Figure 6F-5 ) may be used to supplement other warning signs where work is

459. PHONE and END BLASTING ZONE signs shall be used in sequence with this sign. Section 6F.42 TURN OFF 2-WAY RADIO AND CELL PHONE Sign (W22-2) Standard: 01 The TURN OFF 2-WAY RADIO AND CELL PHONE (W22-2) sign (see Figure 6F-4 ) shall follow the BLASTING ZONE AHEAD sign and shall be placed at least 1,000 feet before the beginning of the blasting zone. Section

460. 6F.11 STAY IN LANE Sign (R4-9) Option: 01 A STAY IN LANE (R4-9) sign (see Figure 6F-3 ) may be used where a multi-lane shift has been incorporated as part of the TTC on a highway to direct road users around road work that occupies part of the roadway on a multi-lane highway. Section 6F.12 Work Zone and Higher Fines Signs and Plaques Option:

461. an exit ramp and where the exit maneuver for vehicular traffic using the ramp is different from the normal condition. Figure 6F-5 Exit Open and Closed and Detour Signs Guidance: 02 When an exit ramp is closed, an EXIT CLOSED sign panel with a black legend and border on an orange background should be placed diagonally across the interchange/intersection guide signs. Section 6F.29 EXIT

462. Plaques in Temporary Traffic Control Zones Standard: 02 TTC warning signs shall comply with the Standards for warning signs presented in Part 2 and in FHWA's "Standard Highway Signs and Markings" book (see Section 1A.11 ). Except as provided in Paragraph 3 , TTC warning signs shall be diamond-shaped with a black legend and border on an orange background, except for the W10-1 sign

463. Sign Design Standard: 01 TTC regulatory signs shall comply with the Standards for regulatory signs presented in Part 2 and in the FHWA's "Standard Highway Signs and Markings" book (see Section 1A.11 ). Support: 02 Regulatory signs are generally rectangular with a black legend and border on a white background. Exceptions include the STOP, YIELD, DO NOT ENTER, WRONG WAY, and ONE WAY signs.

464. and border on a yellow background, and except for signs that are required or recommended in Parts 2 or 7 to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds. Option: 03 Warning signs used for TTC incident management situations may have a black legend and border on a fluorescent pink background. 04 Mounting or space considerations may justify a change from the standard diamond shape. 05 In emergencies,

465. 6F-2 . Standard: 03 A high-level warning device shall consist of a minimum of two flags with or without a Type B high-intensity flashing warning light. The distance from the roadway to the bottom of the lens of the light and to the lowest point of the flag material shall be not less than 8 feet. The flag shall be 16 inches square or

466. 6F-4 ) warn of maintenance, reconstruction, or utility operations on the highway shoulder where the roadway is unobstructed. Standard: 02 The Shoulder Work sign shall have the legend SHOULDER WORK (W21-5), RIGHT (LEFT) SHOULDER CLOSED (W21-5a), or RIGHT (LEFT) SHOULDER CLOSED XX FT or AHEAD (W21-5b). Option: 03 The Shoulder Work sign may be used in advance of the point on a non-limited access

467. are mobile operations on a high-speed travel lane of a multi-lane divided highway, arrow boards should be used. Standard: 22 Mobile operations shall have appropriate devices on the equipment (that is, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, signs, or special lighting), or shall use a separate vehicle

468. be closed by using signs and Type 3 Barricades. As the work space changes, the access area may be changed, as shown in Figure 6H-42 . A TTC zone in the exit ramp may be handled as shown in Figure 6H-43 . 03 When a work space interferes with an entrance ramp, a lane may need to be closed on the freeway (see Figure

469. Sign Color for School Warning Signs Standard: 01 School warning signs, including the "SCHOOL" portion of the School Speed Limit (S5-1) sign and including any supplemental plaques used in association with these warning signs, shall have a fluorescent yellow-green background with a

470. times that the higher fines are in effect, A WHEN CHILDREN ARE PRESENT (S4-2P) plaque (see Figure 7B-1 ), or A WHEN FLASHING (S4-4P) plaque (see Figure 7B-1 ) if used in conjunction with a yellow flashing beacon. Standard: 03 Where a BEGIN HIGHER FINES ZONE (R2-10) sign or a FINES HIGHER (R2-6P) plaque supplementing a School Zone (S1-1) sign is posted to notify

471. regulatory signs may be used to prevent parked or waiting vehicles from blocking pedestrians' views, and drivers' views of pedestrians, and to control vehicles as a part of the school traffic plan. Support: 02 Parking signs and other signs governing the stopping and standing of vehicles in school areas cover a wide variety of regulations. Typical examples of regulations are as follows: No Parking

472. a grade crossing, the roadway approaches in the railroad or LRT right-of-way should also be removed and appropriate signs and object markers should be placed at the roadway end in accordance with Section 2C.66 . 06 Where a railroad or LRT is eliminated at a grade crossing, the tracks should be removed or covered. Option: 07 Based on engineering judgment, the TRACKS OUT OF

473. highway-rail grade crossings that are not equipped with the active traffic control systems that are described in Chapter 8C, except crossings where road users are directed by an authorized person on the ground to not enter the crossing at all times that an approaching train is about to occupy the crossing, a Crossbuck Assembly shall be installed on the right-hand side of the highway

474. distance between the signs shall be in accordance with Section 2C.05 and Table 2C-4 . Option: 04 On divided highways and one-way streets, an additional W10-1 sign may be installed on the left-hand side of the roadway. Standard: 05 If the distance between the tracks and a parallel highway, from the edge of the tracks to the edge of the parallel roadway, is less

475. a YIELD or STOP Sign on a Separate Sign Support 02 At all public highway-rail grade crossings that are not equipped with the active traffic control systems that are described in Chapter 8C, except crossings where road users are directed by an authorized person on the ground to not enter the crossing at all times that an approaching train is about to occupy the

476. in Paragraph 8 . If used at a passive grade crossing, a YIELD or STOP sign shall be installed in compliance with the provisions of Part 2 , Section 2B.10 , and Figures 8B-2 and 8B-3 . Figure 8B-3 Crossbuck Assembly with a YIELD or STOP Sign on a Separate Sign Support 02 At all public highway-rail grade crossings that are not equipped with

477. , a Crossbuck Assembly shall be installed on the right-hand side of the highway on each approach to the highway-LRT grade crossing. 04 Where restricted sight distance or unfavorable highway geometry exists on an approach to a grade crossing that has a Crossbuck Assembly, or where there is a one-way multi-lane approach, an additional Crossbuck Assembly shall be installed on the left-hand side of

478. support, or on a separate post in the immediate vicinity of the grade crossing on the railroad or LRT right-of-way. Guidance: 02 A LOOK sign should not be mounted as a supplemental plaque on a Crossbuck Assembly that has a YIELD or STOP sign mounted on the same support as the Crossbuck. Section 8B.18 Emergency Notification Sign (I-13) Guidance: 01 Emergency Notification (I-13) signs

479. Chapter 8B. Signs and Markings Section 8B.01 Purpose Support: 01 Passive traffic control systems, consisting of signs and pavement markings only, identify and direct attention to the location of a grade crossing and advise road users to slow down or stop at the grade crossing as necessary in order to yield to any rail traffic occupying, or approaching and in proximity to, the grade

480. to warn road users crossing the tracks of approaching LRT equipment. Option: 02 A Light Rail Transit Approaching-Activated Blank-Out warning sign may be used at signalized intersections near highway-LRT grade crossings or at crossings controlled by STOP signs or automatic gates. Section

481. 11 If a YIELD or STOP sign is installed for a Crossbuck Assembly at a grade crossing on a separate support than the Crossbuck sign (see Figure 8B-3 ), the YIELD or STOP sign should be placed at a point where the highway vehicle is to stop, or as near to that point as practical, but no closer than 15 feet measured perpendicular from the nearest rail.

482. should be used. Option: 03 DO NOT STOP ON TRACKS signs may be placed on both sides of the track. 04 On divided highways and one-way streets, a second DO NOT STOP ON TRACKS sign may be placed on the near or far left-hand side of the highway at the grade crossing to further improve visibility of the sign. Section 8B.10 TRACKS OUT OF

483. except as provided in Paragraph 16 . Option: 16 The vertical strip of retroreflective material may be omitted from the back sides of Crossbuck sign supports installed on one-way streets. 17 If a YIELD or STOP sign is installed on the same support as the Crossbuck sign, a vertical strip of red (see Section 2A.21 ) or white retroreflective material that is at least

484. Passive Grade Crossings Standard: 01 The Grade Crossing (R15-1) sign (see Figure 8B-1 ), commonly identified as the Crossbuck sign, shall be retroreflectorized white with the words RAILROAD CROSSING in black lettering, mounted as shown in Figure 8B-2 . Figure 8B-1 Regulatory

485. traffic is about to occupy the crossing; In business or commercial areas where active grade crossing traffic control devices are in use; or Where physical conditions do not permit even a partially effective display of the sign. 02 The placement of the Grade Crossing Advance Warning sign shall be in accordance with Section 2C.05 and Table 2C-4 . 03 A Yield Ahead (W3-2) or

486. or a supplemental distance plaque should be placed below the W10-5 sign at the nearest intersecting highway where a vehicle can detour or at a point on the highway wide enough to permit a U-turn. 04 If engineering judgment of roadway geometric and operating conditions confirms that highway vehicle speeds across the tracks should be below the posted speed limit, a W13-1P advisory speed

487. and 8B-7 . Figure 8B-6 Example of Placement of Warning Signs and Pavement Markings at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Figure 8B-7 Grade Crossing Pavement Markings 03 Identical markings shall be placed in each approach lane on all paved approaches to grade crossings where signals or automatic gates are located, and at all other grade crossings where the posted or statutory highway speed is 40 mph

488. activated, except that when crossing gates exist, the preemption condition shall be maintained until the crossing gates are energized to start their upward movement. When multiple or successive preemptions occur, train activation shall receive first priority. Guidance: 11 If a highway-rail grade crossing is located within 50 feet

489. 9C-5 ). Guidance: 02 The R4-4 sign should not be used when bicyclists need to move left because of a right-turn lane drop situation. Section 9B.06 Bicycles May Use Full Lane Sign (R4-11) Option: 01 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane (R4-11) sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or adjacent shoulders usable by bicyclists are present

490. facilities shall not be used for signs or plaques that are placed in a location that would have any application to other vehicles. Table 9B-1. Bicycle Facility Sign and Plaque Minimum Sizes Sign or Plaque Sign Designation Section Shared-Use Path Roadway Stop R1-1 2B.05, 9B.03 18 x 18 30 x 30 Yield R1-2 2B.08, 9B.03 18 x 18 x 18 30 x 30 x

491. of the Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign to inform road users that bicyclists might occupy the travel lane. Support: 04 The Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) defines a "substandard width lane" as a "lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the same lane." Section 9B.07 Bicycle Wrong Way Sign and RIDE WITH TRAFFIC

492. 9B.08 24 x 24 24 x 24 No Bicycles R5-6 9B.09 18 x 18 24 x 24 No Parking Bike Lane R7-9,9a 9B.10 — 12 x 18 No Pedestrians R9-3 9B.09 18 x 18 18 x 18 Ride With Traffic (plaque) R9-3cP 9B.07 12 x 12 12 x 12 Bicycle Regulatory R9-5,6 9B.11 12 x 18 12 x 18 Shared-Use Path Restriction R9-7 9B.12

493. Mounting height for post-mounted signs on shared-use paths shall be a minimum of 4 feet, measured vertically from the bottom of the sign to the elevation of the near edge of the path surface (see Figure 9B-1 ). Guidance: 06 Signs for the exclusive use of bicyclists should be located so that other road users are not confused by them. 07 The clearance for

494. x 18 18 x 24 Begin Right Turn Lane Yield to Bikes R4-4 9B.05 — 36 x 30 Bicycles May Use Full Lane R4-11 9B.06 — 30 x 30 Bicycle Wrong Way R5-1b 9B.07 12 x 18 12 x 18 No Motor Vehicles R5-3 9B.08 24 x 24 24 x 24 No Bicycles R5-6 9B.09 18 x 18 24 x 24 No Parking Bike

495. at least 50 feet in advance of the beginning of the condition. 04 Where temporary traffic control zones are present on bikeways, appropriate signs from Part 6 should be used. Option: 05 Other warning signs described in Chapter 2C may be installed on bicycle facilities as appropriate. Section 9B.20 Bicycle Guide Signs (D1-1b, D1-1c, D1-2b, D1-2c, D1-3b, D1-3c, D11-1, D11-1c) Option: 01 Bike Route

496. (see Figures 9C-1 , 9C-4 , and 9C-5 ). Guidance: 02 The R4-4 sign should not be used when bicyclists need to move left because of a right-turn lane drop situation. Section 9B.06 Bicycles May Use Full Lane Sign (R4-11) Option: 01 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane (R4-11) sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or

497. 04 Where bicyclists, pedestrians, and motor-driven cycles are all prohibited, it may be more desirable to use the R5-10a word message sign that is described in Section 2B.39 . Section 9B.10 No Parking Bike Lane Signs (R7-9, R7-9a) Standard: 01 If the installation of signs is necessary to restrict parking, standing, or stopping in a bicycle lane, appropriate signs as described in Sections 2B.46

498. right-turn lane must weave across bicycle traffic in bicycle lanes, the BEGIN RIGHT TURN LANE YIELD TO BIKES (R4-4) sign (see Figure 9B-2) may be used to inform both the motorist and the bicyclist of this weaving maneuver (see Figures 9C-1 , 9C-4 , and 9C-5 ). Guidance: 02 The R4-4 sign should not be used when bicyclists need to move left because of

499. Use Full Lane R4-11 9B.06 — 30 x 30 Bicycle Wrong Way R5-1b 9B.07 12 x 18 12 x 18 No Motor Vehicles R5-3 9B.08 24 x 24 24 x 24 No Bicycles R5-6 9B.09 18 x 18 24 x 24 No Parking Bike Lane R7-9,9a 9B.10 — 12 x 18 No Pedestrians R9-3 9B.09 18 x 18 18 x 18 Ride With Traffic

500. should not be used when bicyclists need to move left because of a right-turn lane drop situation. Section 9B.06 Bicycles May Use Full Lane Sign (R4-11) Option: 01 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane (R4-11) sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or adjacent shoulders usable by bicyclists are present and where travel lanes are too narrow

501. to move left because of a right-turn lane drop situation. Section 9B.06 Bicycles May Use Full Lane Sign (R4-11) Option: 01 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane (R4-11) sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or adjacent shoulders usable by bicyclists are present and where travel lanes are too narrow for bicyclists and motor vehicles to operate

502. sign, a YIELD sign, or a traffic control signal. Section 9B.17 Bicycle Surface Condition Warning Sign (W8-10) Option: 01 The Bicycle Surface Condition Warning (W8-10) sign (see Figure 9B-3 ) may be installed where roadway or shared-use path conditions could cause a bicyclist to lose control of the bicycle. 02 Signs warning of other conditions that might be of concern to bicyclists, including BUMP

503. used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or adjacent shoulders usable by bicyclists are present and where travel lanes are too narrow for bicyclists and motor vehicles to operate side by side. 02 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign may be used in locations where it is important to inform road users that bicyclists might occupy the travel lane. 03 Section 9C.07 describes

504. 18 x 24 Begin Right Turn Lane Yield to Bikes R4-4 9B.05 — 36 x 30 Bicycles May Use Full Lane R4-11 9B.06 — 30 x 30 Bicycle Wrong Way R5-1b 9B.07 12 x 18 12 x 18 No Motor Vehicles R5-3 9B.08 24 x 24 24 x 24 No Bicycles R5-6 9B.09 18 x 18 24 x 24 No Parking Bike Lane R7-9,9a

505. a STOP sign, a YIELD sign, or a traffic control signal. Section 9B.17 Bicycle Surface Condition Warning Sign (W8-10) Option: 01 The Bicycle Surface Condition Warning (W8-10) sign (see Figure 9B-3 ) may be installed where roadway or shared-use path conditions could cause a bicyclist to lose control of the bicycle. 02 Signs warning of other conditions that might be of concern to bicyclists,

506. the least restrictive control that is appropriate should be placed on the lower priority approaches. STOP signs should not be used where YIELD signs would be acceptable. Section 9B.04 Bike Lane Signs and Plaques (R3-17, R3-17aP, R3-17bP) Standard: 01 The Bike Lane (R3-17) sign and the R3-17aP and R3-17bP plaques (see Figure 9B-2 ) shall be used only in conjunction with marked bicycle lanes

507. (D11-1bP), may be substituted for the D11-1 Bicycle Route Guide sign on paths and shared roadways. 04 When some, but not all, non-motorized user types are encouraged or permitted on a shared-use path, Mode-Specific Guide signs may be placed in combination with each other, and in combination with signs (see Section 9B.09 ) that prohibit travel by particular modes. Support: 05 Figure 9B-8 shows

508. shall be standard in shape, legend, and color. 02 All signs shall be retroreflectorized for use on bikeways, including shared-use paths and bicycle lane facilities. 03 Where signs serve both bicyclists and other road users, vertical mounting height and lateral placement shall be as provided in Part 2 . 04 Where used on a shared-use path, no portion of a sign or its support

509. lane drop situation. Section 9B.06 Bicycles May Use Full Lane Sign (R4-11) Option: 01 The Bicycles May Use Full Lane (R4-11) sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used on roadways where no bicycle lanes or adjacent shoulders usable by bicyclists are present and where travel lanes are too narrow for bicyclists and motor vehicles to operate side by side. 02 The Bicycles May

510. Chapter 9B. Signs Section 9B.01 Application and Placement of Signs Standard: 01 Bicycle signs shall be standard in shape, legend, and color. 02 All signs shall be retroreflectorized for use on bikeways, including shared-use paths and bicycle lane facilities. 03 Where signs

511. facilities shall not be used for signs or plaques that are placed in a location that would have any application to other vehicles. Table 9B-1. Bicycle Facility Sign and Plaque Minimum Sizes Sign or Plaque Sign Designation Section Shared-Use Path Roadway Stop

512. Lane Marking that may be used in addition to or instead of the Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign to inform road users that bicyclists might occupy the travel lane. Support: 04 The Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) defines a "substandard width lane" as a "lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the same

513. other road users are not confused by them. 07 The clearance for overhead signs on shared-use paths should be adjusted when appropriate to accommodate path users requiring more clearance, such as equestrians, or typical maintenance or emergency vehicles. Section 9B.02 Design of Bicycle Signs Standard: 01 If the sign or plaque applies to motorists and bicyclists, then the size shall be as shown for

514. Bicycle Route Guide sign on paths and shared roadways. 04 When some, but not all, non-motorized user types are encouraged or permitted on a shared-use path, Mode-Specific Guide signs may be placed in combination with each other, and in combination with signs (see Section 9B.09 ) that prohibit travel by particular modes. Support: 05 Figure 9B-8 shows an example of signing where separate pathways

515. Parking Bike Lane (R7-9 or R7-9a) signs (see Figure 9B-2 ) shall be installed. Section 9B.11 Bicycle Regulatory Signs (R9-5, R9-6, R10-4, R10-24, R10-25, and R10-26) Option: 01 The R9-5 sign (see Figure 9B-2 ) may be used where the crossing of a street by bicyclists is controlled by pedestrian signal indications. 02 Where it is not intended for bicyclists to be controlled by

516. describes a Shared Lane Marking that may be used in addition to or instead of the Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign to inform road users that bicyclists might occupy the travel lane. Support: 04 The Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) defines a "substandard width lane" as a "lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side

517. motor vehicles entering an exclusive right-turn lane must weave across bicycle traffic in bicycle lanes, the BEGIN RIGHT TURN LANE YIELD TO BIKES (R4-4) sign (see Figure 9B-2) may be used to inform both the motorist and the bicyclist of this weaving maneuver (see Figures 9C-1 , 9C-4 , and 9C-5 ). Guidance: 02 The R4-4 sign should not be used when bicyclists need

518. Placement of Signs Standard: 01 Bicycle signs shall be standard in shape, legend, and color. 02 All signs shall be retroreflectorized for use on bikeways, including shared-use paths and bicycle lane facilities. 03 Where signs serve both bicyclists and other road users, vertical mounting height and lateral placement shall be as provided in Part 2 . 04 Where used on a shared-use path, no

519. be used in addition to or instead of the Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign to inform road users that bicyclists might occupy the travel lane. Support: 04 The Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) defines a "substandard width lane" as a "lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the same lane." Section 9B.07 Bicycle

520. order to reduce the chance of a bicyclist's impacting the open door of a parked vehicle, Assist bicyclists with lateral positioning in lanes that are too narrow for a motor vehicle and a bicycle to travel side by side within the same traffic lane, Alert road users of the lateral location bicyclists are likely to occupy within the traveled way, Encourage safe passing of

521. Lane Marking Option: 01 The Shared Lane Marking shown in Figure 9C-9 may be used to: Figure 9C-9 Shared Lane Marking Assist bicyclists with lateral positioning in a shared lane with on-street parallel parking in order to reduce the chance of a bicyclist's impacting the open door of a parked vehicle, Assist bicyclists with lateral positioning in lanes that are too narrow for a

522. 03 Shared Lane Markings shall not be used on shoulders or in designated bicycle lanes. Guidance: 04 If used in a shared lane with on-street parallel parking, Shared Lane Markings should be placed so that the centers of the markings are at least 11 feet from the face of the curb, or from the edge of the pavement where there is no curb. 05

523. do not try to swerve back onto the pavement because you may lose control of your vehicle

524. Every vehicle currently for sale in the United States requires the full attention of the driver at all times for safe operation.

525. Place the shoulder belt across the middle of your chest and away from your neck. The lap belt rests across your hips, not your stomach.

526. Keep your child in the back seat at least through age 12.

527. Sending or reading a text takes your eyes off the road for 5 seconds.

528. Drinking coffee or energy drinks alone is not always enough. They might help you feel more alert, but the effects last only a short time

529. Getting adequate sleep on a daily basis is the only true way to protect yourself against the risks of driving when you’re drowsy.

530. it’s illegal everywhere in America to drive under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, opioids, methamphetamines, or any potentially impairing drug–prescribed or over the counter

531. Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can cause extreme drowsiness, dizziness, and other side effects.

532. Even in states where marijuana laws have changed, it is still illegal to drive under the influence of the drug.

533. Some loss of judgment

534. it accumulates until it is metabolized by the liver

535. Alcohol is a substance that reduces the function of the brain, impairing thinking, reasoning and muscle coordination.

536. penalties for impaired driving can include driver’s license revocation, fines, and jail time

537. Plan your safe ride home before you start the party, choose a non-drinking friend as a designated driver.

538. even a small amount of alcohol can affect driving ability

539. driver’s license revocation, fines, and jail time

540. input to the brake pedal in a vehicle must have the capability of overriding input to the accelerator pedal

541. A learner’s permit allows driving only while supervised by a fully licensed driver.

542. GDL is a three-phase system for beginning drivers, consisting of a learner’s permit, an intermediate license, and a full license.

543. Administrative license suspension or revocation for failing or refusing to submit to a BAC or other drug test

544. making it illegal “per se” for people under age 21 to drive with any measurable amount of alcohol in their system (i.e., .02 BAC or greater)

545. change into a lane not immediately adjacent to the vehicle, or slow down to a reasonable speed if you’re unable to safely make a lane change

546. Open container laws prohibit the possession of any open alcoholic beverage container and the consumption of any alcoholic beverage by motor vehicle drivers or passengers.

547. If your car stalls on a track, quickly get everyone out — even if you don’t see a train coming.

548. Give speeding drivers plenty of space. Speeding drivers may lose control of their vehicle more easily.

549. Speed also affects your safety even when you are driving at the speed limit but too fast for road conditions, such as during bad weather

550. Hold the steering wheel with both hands.

551. Slow down. It’s harder to control or stop your vehicle on a slick or snow-covered surface.

552. increase your following distance enough so that you’ll have plenty of time to stop for vehicles ahead of you

553. It’s harder to control or stop your vehicle on a slick or snow-covered surface.

554. If it becomes hard to control the car, pull over, stop the car and set the parking brake.

555. if you lose traction or start to skid, the cruise control will accelerate to maintain your vehicle’s speed

556. Pull over as quickly as you can when it is safe. Once you have stopped, turn off the engine. Get everyone out of the vehicle.